Thomas Hardy :: History

doubting doubting doubting Thomas HardyAbout Thomas Hardy and his Wessex Thomas venturous was born in 1840 and died 1928. During his 88-years old life he wrote fifteen novels and iodin he neer publish. He also wrote over 900 poems. He wrote and published four volumes of short stories. He was born, and lived the best part of his life, near Dorchester, the county town of Dorset and Devon, Somerset, Cornwall, Hampshire, Wiltshire, Berkshire and Oxford. To the section of south-west England he gave the fictional name Wessex, called his first book of poesy Wessex poetry and his first collection of short stories he called Wessex tails. He even called his dog Wessex. Thomas hardy was born in a cottage which had been built for his grandfather and was brought up buy his Mum, Dad and Nan. The cottage was an isolated building on the frame of a wild heath-land, for which Thomas hardy, in one of his novels, invented the name Egdon heath. The family Hardy was made up of a Mum, Dad, a gifted bo y Thomas, both sisters and a brother. The children had to make their own fun and entertainment. So they would usually listen to their fathers tales. They would involve danger, excitement, diverting characters and a dramatic ending. Thomas hardy based some novels on his relatives storeys. The telling of such tales was a regular pastime for the small family, and as he grew up, he knowing to shape them for a wider audience. For instance, when Thomas was still a boy, he knew he wanted to be a writer. As a child, the lady of the manor at the local mansion particularly favoured Thomas. She was childless, and showed special interest in Thomas, treating him almost like a child of her own, and inviting him to her grand house. Thomass mother resented this and check to Thomas hardy, she openly defied the lady. No one knows what merely happened, but it is certainly true that Thomass mother took young Thomas away from the resolution school, which the lady had founded, and sent him to a sch ool in Dorchester. Thomas Hardys mother had a strong will of her own, unlike the heroine of the sons veto who all allows her life to be govern by the middle- class people. Her marriage has put her among, and, in the end, to be fatally frustrated by the snobbery of her own son.Thomas Hardy HistoryThomas HardyAbout Thomas Hardy and his Wessex Thomas hardy was born in 1840 and died 1928. During his 88-years old life he wrote fifteen novels and one he never published. He also wrote over 900 poems. He wrote and published four volumes of short stories. He was born, and lived the best part of his life, near Dorchester, the county town of Dorset and Devon, Somerset, Cornwall, Hampshire, Wiltshire, Berkshire and Oxford. To the section of south-west England he gave the fictional name Wessex, called his first book of poetry Wessex poetry and his first collection of short stories he called Wessex tails. He even called his dog Wessex. Thomas hardy was born in a cottage which had been built fo r his grandfather and was brought up buy his Mum, Dad and Nan. The cottage was an isolated building on the edge of a wild heath-land, for which Thomas hardy, in one of his novels, invented the name Egdon heath. The family Hardy was made up of a Mum, Dad, a gifted boy Thomas, two sisters and a brother. The children had to make their own fun and entertainment. So they would usually listen to their fathers tales. They would involve danger, excitement, interesting characters and a dramatic ending. Thomas hardy based some novels on his relatives storeys. The telling of such tales was a regular pastime for the small family, and as he grew up, he learned to shape them for a wider audience. For instance, when Thomas was still a boy, he knew he wanted to be a writer. As a child, the lady of the manor at the local mansion particularly favoured Thomas. She was childless, and showed special interest in Thomas, treating him almost like a child of her own, and inviting him to her grand house. Tho mass mother resented this and according to Thomas hardy, she openly defied the lady. No one knows what exactly happened, but it is certainly true that Thomass mother took young Thomas away from the village school, which the lady had founded, and sent him to a school in Dorchester. Thomas Hardys mother had a strong will of her own, unlike the heroine of the sons veto who all allows her life to be ruled by the middle- class people. Her marriage has put her among, and, in the end, to be fatally frustrated by the snobbery of her own son.

The Entertainment Fields Essay -- Technology Video Games Papers

The pastime FieldsIn this literature review, I wil attempt to explain the wealth of opportunities available to good communicators in the electronics entertainment industry due to the changing nature of video game the technical communication and electronics entertainment fields. I believe an abundance of opportunities exist for technical communicators in the video game industry because the industry itself is stil rather young and poselopingnorms.Documentation and information organization are an integral serving of video ga me construction. Currently, there exists no uniform, standardized way to write, document, or organize information in the gaming industry. A gap in the overall standards of content generation has presented itself in the electronics entertainment industry revealing promising opportunities for technical communicators and the skils theypoint a spThecioriedgin apoiesents an opportunity for technical communicators, as their research puritilizas minformation organizatio n skills will baffle useful.Litle research has been conducted concerning video game documentation standardization it is difficult to Literature Review (Video Game Documentation) ortunities for Technical Communicators and Determining th ecessity for Documentation Standards in the Electronics Entertainment Indust mportance of uocume In his book Documentation and the Organization of Knowledge, J.H. Shera, the Dean of the School of Library Science at Western Reser ve University, says concerning documentation that it is to be regarded as an essential part of our modern system of graphic communication within the world of scholarship, an instrumental device to expedite the flow of recorded information within a conclave o f specialists or bet... ..., from TechnicalCommunication Online dat abase.Falstein, N. (2003, July 1). 2 for the Design Process.Game Developer Magazine, pp. 23.Rouse, R., III. (2001). Game Design Theory & Practice. Plano, Texas Wordware Publishing, Inc. Freeman, T. (199 7, September 12). Creating a coarse Design Document. Retrieved September 26, 2003, fromhtp//www.gamasutra.com/features/19970912/design_doc.htm.Ryan, T. (1999, December 17). The Anatomy of a Design Document, Part 2 Documentation Guidelin for the Functional and Technical Specifications. Retrieved September 27, 2003, from htp//www.gamasutra.com/features/19991217/ryan_01.htmMead, J. (August 1998). Measuring the Value Added by Technical Documentation A Review of Research and Practice.Journal of Technical Communication, 45(3). Retrieved September 27, 2003, from Technical Communication Online database.

Childhood Obesity is Preventable Essay -- Obesity in Children

Childhood obesity in America is a maturement disease that has become an epidemic that has lasting psychological effects, because of advertisement of fast food, lack of physical activities, and parental control has made food become a major health issue in many young teenagers lives today. Overall, who is to blame? Obesity plagues America and threatens to seriously degrade our society in many ways. in that location are some that would argue to say that obesity is okay and that it is not that big of a deal, they are wrong. There are some variations pertaining to build unless everyones body is designed to carry a certain weight, when you increase that weight you threaten the balance of your body and can expect your body to countermine down much sooner than expected. For example, think of a machine, a machine that was designed to lift 100 pounds could easily do the communication channel and continue doing the job for a very long time before breaking down. Now, think of that sam e machine lifting 300 pounds instead, since it was designed for only 100 pounds, how much fast will that machine break down? It is also in our nature to not desire obesity, we are genetically designed just like the stick around of nature to desire the fit and healthy of society. This is the root cause of social dislike for obesity as well as personal dislike for obesity. Which brings us to the focus of how childhood obesity has become an enormous issue today. In order to truly understand the impact of obesity and why we should prevent it, we depression need to look at the causes of obesity and what keeps people obese. The logical first step for us to look at is childhood obesity, even if children are however o... ... of the blame. In conclusion, while childhood obesity is alarming, it is preventable and treatable. Works Cited1.Parents, Kids Dont Perceive Obesity as a Health Problem. Journal of the American Dietetic Association n. pag. Web. 20 Feb 2015. .2.N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Fe b 2015. .3.N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb 2015. .4. Rabin, Robin. Child Obesity Risks Death at Early Age, Study Finds . (2012) n. pag. Web. 20 Feb 2015. .5. Levine, Susan, and Rob Stein. Obesity Threatens a Generation. Catastrophe of Shorter Spans, Higher Health Costs (2013) n. pag. Web. 20 Feb 2015. 6. Maine, M. (2012). Body Wars. Carlsbad Gurze Books

Essay --

Ethics in School PsychologySchool psychologists are presented with making honorable decisions on a daily basis due to the delicate balance between the needs of teachs, parents, and squirtren. What may be in the best interest of the child may involvement with the desires of the parents or may require work the school would rather ignore. Ethical dilemmas become increasingly complicated when state or federal laws conflict with ethical principles that could result in legal consequences. Ethical issues are a critical component for both the training and professional guidelines for the Ameri back end Psychological Association (APA) and the content Association of School Psychology (Nagle, 1987). The current paper will provide an overview of the four overarching NASP ethical principles alongside examples of common ethical dilemmas faced by school psychologists.Respecting the Dignity and Rights of All PersonsThe first principle outlined by NASP (2010) states that School psychologists engage only in professional practices that maintain the high-handedness of all individuals. In their words and actions, school psychologists demonstrate respect for the autonomy of persons and their right to self-determination, respect for privacy, and a commitment to just and fair treatment of all persons. (p. 302).Additional principles subsumed under this overarching principle include (a) autonomy and self-determination (b) privacy and confidentiality (c) fairness and justice. Autonomy and self-determination respects each individuals right to make decisions that actuate him or herself including consent and assent processes. There are ethical exceptions to parental consent, such as consultation services to a teacher regarding interventions with a child tha... ...e of school psychologists responsibilities demands an effective strategy to approach ethical dilemmas.ConclusionEthical considerations are an integral component to every school psychologists job. NASP (2010) outlines four overarching ethical principles including (a) respecting the dignity and rights of all persons (b) professional competence and responsibility (c) honesty and integrity in professional relationships (d) responsibility to schools, families, communities, the profession, and society. These principles elucidate the complex nature of possible ethical dilemmas that can arise across the diverse range of school psychologists roles. A thorough knowledge of ethics and law make up the foundation for providing effective services to students, families, and schools. Without an understanding of ethics, school psychologists could do more harm than good.

The Ahmanson Ranch Development :: Ventura Country Environmental Essays

The Ahmanson Ranch DevelopmentIt all started back in 1989 when Home Savings of America announced to build a giant new community consisting of 3,050 homes, two schools, two hotels, two golf courses and 400,000 square feet of commercial and industrial areas on the 5,400-acre Ahmanson Ranch located at the easterly end of Ventura county, adjacent to Los Angeles County. Even though the Ahmanson Ranch has been owned by Home Savings of America since 1963, the nature remained undisturbed all these past geezerhood. The scatter has become one of the important habitats for barely surviving primal organisms including threatened or endangered species. For this and other important reasons, an organization, Friends of Ahmanson Ranch, was formed to stop the development with the aliveness from other environmental organizations, local legislatures, politicians and public. Almost seven years have passed since the beginning of this swerve, but the conflict still remain unsolved. What is interesting ab step forward this issue is the diversity in the reason which the Friends of Ahmanson Ranch claims for protecting the Ahmanson Ranch from development. They point out a variety of reason, and they are non necessarily environmental opinion. First, the reasons of underground starts from visible things much(prenominal) as plants and living organisms. President of the Native Plant Society San Gabriel Chapter, Melanie Baer, states that the wild grassland ecosystem of Agoura Hills located in the Ahmanson Ranch provides an important habitat for almost-extinct native plant species called Purple needle-grass, or Stipa pulchra. She also suggests that the mitigation of this plant will not be successful due to its difficulty and poor peripheral environment, such as golf course, of the mitigation site. Similaly, Dr. Barbara J. Collins, professor of biology at California Lutheran University, argues that the environmental impact report prepared for the development was inadequate and she points out the importance of the oak savannah along a North-facing slope of Lakey Mesa in the Ahmanson Ranch. According to her opinion, these oak trees are about 200 to 300 years old valley oaks and they are very sensitive species. A large portion of these oaks will be removed, and the remaining will most likely not survive the environmental changes they will go through due to its sensitive nature. In addition, these plants create crucial habitat for other living organisms such as birds, mammals, invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles. Some of them are even listed in the Federal and State endangered and threatened species lists.

The Ahmanson Ranch Development :: Ventura Country Environmental Essays

The Ahmanson Ranch DevelopmentIt all started back in 1989 when Home Savings of America announced to build a giant new familiarity consisting of 3,050 homes, two schools, two hotels, two golf courses and 400,000 squ atomic number 18 feet of commercial and industrial areas on the 5,400-acre Ahmanson Ranch located at the eastern end of Ventura county, adjacent to Los Angeles County. until now though the Ahmanson Ranch has been owned by Home Savings of America since 1963, the nature remained undisturbed all these past years. The ranch has become one of the authoritative habitats for barely surviving native organisms including threatened or endangered species. For this and other important creators, an organization, Friends of Ahmanson Ranch, was formed to stop the development with the support from other environmental organizations, local anesthetic legislatures, politicians and public. Almost s pull down years have passed since the beginning of this issue, but the conflict still remain unsolved. What is interesting about this issue is the diversity in the reason which the Friends of Ahmanson Ranch claims for protecting the Ahmanson Ranch from development. They point out a variety of reason, and they are not necessarily environmental opinion. First, the reasons of opposition starts from visible things such as plants and living organisms. President of the Native Plant Society San Gabriel Chapter, Melanie Baer, states that the wild grassland ecosystem of Agoura Hills located in the Ahmanson Ranch provides an important habitat for almost-extinct native plant species called Purple needle-grass, or Stipa pulchra. She also suggests that the mitigation of this plant willing not be successful due to its difficulty and poor peripheral environment, such as golf course, of the mitigation site. Similaly, Dr. Barbara J. Collins, professor of biology at California Lutheran University, argues that the environmental impact report prepared for the development was inadequate and she points out the importance of the oak savannah along a North-facing slope of Lakey Mesa in the Ahmanson Ranch. According to her opinion, these oak trees are about 200 to 300 years old valley oaks and they are very sensitive species. A large portion of these oaks will be removed, and the remaining will most likely not survive the environmental changes they will go through due to its sensitive nature. In addition, these plants create crucial habitat for other living organisms such as birds, mammals, invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles. Some of them are even listed in the Federal and State endangered and threatened species lists.

Venezuela Culture

In all cultures, there are different dimensions that can be categorized into a continuum. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck have functions of cultural patterns such(prenominal) as greens human problems, preferred solutions and most importantly, a continuum. A continuum is how things are rated by percentages. For example, happiness. It could be either more(prenominal) than or less in certain situations. In Hofstedes dimensions of culture, there are two topics and just now one can be juicyer in certain cultures than others. The country I chose to do is the culture of Venezuela.Venezuela is rattling similar to the rest of the Latin American countries but has exceptional characteristics when it comes to the dimensions that Hofstede describes. The dimensions of culture that will be discussed fall into the four common ones collectivism, world power distance, masculinity and small(a) uncertainty avoidance. Venezuela is a unique country with many different ideas that relate to their culture. V enezuela falls into the collectivism category. This means that the country conflates as one, counsellinging on the penurys of groups rather than the individual themselves. The other side of the dimension is individualism.Individualism, as its name says, focuses on the individual where they have to sand up for themselves. Collectivists tend to have large, extended families which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty (Individualism 2009). Also, they work on becoming very skilled at something they are interested in. Venezuelan people are all about being loyal to each other. They see more veracious in a group, than good in the individual. In Venezuela, the labor force has grown a lot over the past few decades. The unemployment rate has been very low and nevertheless woman have been getting jobs.The government has worked together so that almost everyone is employed. Labor relations in Venezuela were consultative rather than confrontational, and the Confedera tion of Venezuelan Workers had good workings relationships with the major business group, the Federation of Chambers and Associations of Commerce and Production (Haggerty, 1993). Compared to other Latin American countries, there wasnt a bad bailiwick of labor relations. The government wanted to make sure everyone in Venezuela was working. Its good to be a collectivism culture because everyone comes and works together as a group.Power distance is another dimension that can be classified as either high or low. This is determined by how much a culture has respect for authority. High power distance focuses more on higher status of power. Teachers, parents and supervisors are treated with respect and are expected to appearance authority. Low power distance is a little more laid back. People can talk to whomever they want about anything. For example, an employee is able to talk to their autobus about comments for the company or business they work for. Venezuela falls into the high powe r distance category.People with elite status are more educated and focus mainly on their business and professions. Venezuela was one of the very few countries in Latin America where a number of elite- chokeed scholarly and community welfare foundations provided support for an imaginative variety of programs and scholarships (Haggerty 1993). People in middle class respect the elite. Thought it is possible to move up from middle class to elite, this can only happen through successful business deals or by marriage. Either way, Venezuelans know to respect the authority wherever they are. Venezuela has a electric chair and vice president who serve five year terms.The president chooses his cabinet and determines the number of ministries. The president is the main leader in charge whom everyone looks up to. He commands the armed forces, calls limited sessions of the Congress, and exercises sole control of foreign policy (Haggerty 1993). Venezuela follows a governmental policy where the p resident has the highest status, followed by the vice president, then it gets lower from then on. Having high power distance does not necessarily undermine the population, but is accepted by the whole Venezuelan culture as one. Masculinity versus femininity, contrary to its name, has more to do than just gender roles.Some masculine characteristics focus on a competitive economy, working hard to get by, and fighting as a topic of conflicts. Cultures with this dimension are more aggressive. Femininity on the other hand focuses on more calming features. For example, negotiating to resolve conflicts, women are representing in the government and working to live a good life. Venezuela in this case is more masculine. They are more aggressive than other cultures. Violence and crime increased appreciably in the last decades of the twentieth century and have become major issues of popular concern (Dinneen 2003).Having higher crime rates, though thats not always a good thing, shows the mascul inity in the culture. manpower channel the majority of the power when it comes to government. Although the Constitution of 1960 declared that men and women were formally equal under the law, women who had been active in the struggle for democracy found themselves devoid of its privileges and marginalized from politics (Wagner 2005). Though it said women were just as equal as men, that didnt live up to its word. Women were solace not allowed to participate in higher politics and businesses.They were expected to stay at home and take care of the house and children. Venezuela is ranked higher in the masculine dimension among all of the other Latin American countries. Venezuelas uncertainty avoidance is considered lower than the other Latin American countries. Some traits of low uncertainty avoidance include openness to change, tolerance of diversity and hold back emotions. Where as in high uncertainty avoidance, they tend to follow austere rules, express emotions, and have a weak i nterest in politics. The goal of the culture is to control almost everything in order to avoid the unexpected.Thanks to their need for security, Venezuelan managers take fewer risks, govern with more written rules and experience lower labor turnover (Workman 2008). There have been processes of social and political changes. Theses processes have attracted more international attention over the years and for more to come. Venezuela was the worlds leading exporter of crude oil. Venezuelans leaders wanted to concentrate on the oil industry as the main source of financing for their reformist economic and social policies (Haggerty 1993). They werent afraid to find wise non cabinet ministries and form new policies to expand their economy. counterbalance with the economic crises that occurred with the collapse of the financial system in 1994, the government worked to get it back up. When it comes to differences, Venezuelans try to explore the issue. They are curious to what is going on. If they need to make a change, they will do so and take the risk. For example, during the 1980s Venezuela had a huge foreign-exchange revenue from oil. Because of this, they developed a voracious demand for trade luxury goods that persisted even as oil prices ebbed in the mid do late 1980s (Haggerty 1993).This resulted in a weakness in the Venezuelan economy. Even though this happened, the government wasnt afraid to take the risk. In conclusion, Venezuela has many different characteristics that make them a unique culture. Being a collective culture, they unite as one. They like to focus on everyone as a group to make sure everyone is satisfied. They also fall into the high power distance category. Venezuela has high power authority that is respected by everyone. If they have questions, the people with high status will have all the answers.Venezuela is also a masculine culture. Men dominate over women for occupations and power. Also, this makes the country more aggressive than others. They stand up for themselves and arent afraid of anything that comes in contact with them. Finally, Venezuela has low uncertainty avoidance. They will take a risk if they want to and they arent afraid to show emotion. This shows they are a strong country that will make changes if it is a concern. Venezuela is a very well-rounded culture with many great qualities about them.

Classical Conditioning in My Life

I experienced a food aversion when I took an anti-allergy medicine with water. When I was seven, I had an allergy on cats. When the allergy started, I took very nasty and bitter pills with water. In time whenever I drank water without the pills, I entangle bitterness in my mouth. I didnt drink water since then. Only in five years I started to drink water again. At first I felt bitterness in my mouth from the medicine which I took with water to comeher. Therefore my boundless stimulus was the medicine, and the un teach response was the bitterness.When I didnt have cats round anymore and stopped to use the medicine, I felt bitterness whenever I drank the water. Therefore my learn stimulus was the water while the conditioned response was the bitterness. juvenile Emotional Experience When I lived in Russia, I often came home from school in a bad mood because I could not get along with my classmates. When I came from school, I tried to relax and either watched the movie or to do othe r things. Once I tried to relax by listening to the songs. I put my favorite song on and listened. Somehow I started to go over the things that happened at school.I became sad because I cognize that I had no friends except for my family. The next few days I spent time listening to that song again. However, now that song made me note sad. Now I dont listen to that song because I dont want to feel sad again. In this case the unconditioned stimulus is the things that happened at school while the unconditioned response is my sadness and loneliness because when I remembered them I felt bad. The conditioned stimulus is the song and the conditioned response is sadness because whenever I listened to that song I became sad. Fear or Phobia My friend is afraid of the large vehicles.When she was a child, she walked with her mother a lot. The parking lot was far away from home, so they had to walk near the road to come there. The big vehicles were noisy. She didnt like the noise in general. L ater she was scared all time the vehicles beeped and started to cry. She was afraid of the loud and quick noises, and she still is. Now she closes her ears every time the noisy vehicle approaches. The unconditioned stimulus is the noise which caused the fear, the unconditioned response. The conditioned stimulus is the big vehicles which later produced the fear, the conditioned response.

“Animal Farm” by George Orwell Essay

Napoleon is the main character from the book Animal Farm written by George Orwell. He is a demanding, overpowering pig who invariably gets what he wants. In the book Napoleon is a common pig that gets rid of the pig that shares power with him, Snowball and takes over the leader ship of the do work which he ulterior turns into a dictatorship. The difference between Napoleon and Snowball is what makes the book powerful and refers to what real people get manipulated easily. Napoleon is based on the real life person Joseph Stalin, who ruled the Soviet Union for 30 years. The name Napoleon comes from the French general Napoleon Bonaparte, who was power crazy and a dictator. In the book Napoleon is a bad pig from the beginning.He fights along with his fellow pig, Snowball to free the farm from humans but later on starts making just about suspicious decisions such as drinking the milk that the animals have worked for and taking the puppies of Jessie and Bluebell for himself. Napoleon ta kes over by send his dogs after Snowball, who runs away, do to fear. Slowly but surely we see him take one step at a time towards the crown of being the lone(prenominal) leader. For example he changes the seven Commandments rules against killing, drinking, and sleeping in bed. All the animals are forced to work just as hard as before the uprising and they dont even get enough food. Napoleon makes the other animals fear him by killing the animals that have made wrong decisions and starving some of them because they dont do as he says. Soon enough everyone does as he wishes and behaves after his will. Napoleon praises himself for all the things that he has done for the animals which in the end is nothing.

Health Promotion in Nursing Care Essay

Many years ago, people focused on disease and un healthiness and not staying rubicund or preventing illness from occurring. People did not go to the doctor for wellness checks but rather only if they had an ailment. Immunizations have removed some of the diseases that were causing death among the individuals that had contracted the illness. wellness packagingal material has come to the forefront in medical practice since the movement of Healthy People that focuses on health and not illness.Health promotion raise be perceived differently by individuals. Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions World Health Organization website (as cited in Casey 2007). Nurses have a vital region in health promotion in all health c are settings, be it at home, in a clinic, hospital, or out in the community. It is master( prenominal) for the nurse to understand that health promotion is not only for the healthy but also for individuals that are disabled, have a chronic disease or are dying. By administering education and referrals to other health care professionals, the nurse is providing individuals the tools they need to experience the highest level of health possible for their given situation.Often nurses are engaging in health promotion activities while interacting with uncomplaining ofs and are not aware of this as it becomes automatic in daily practice. Health promotion in a hospital setting wad be as simple as encouraging deep breathing exercises and early mobilization to prevent pneumonia. Nurses can serve as a role model and educator in different settings such as at home with their own family members, clinics, hospitals or in the community (Lazarou, C., & Kouta, C. 2010 ). One role of the nurse in health promotion is to collaborate with all providers involved.Collaboration is especially im portant when working in a homecare setting to make sure a diagnosis hasnt changed or the primary provider hasnt changed the treatment plan. Supporting health promotion bequeath help the economy by reducing illness and disease, allow faster recovery of illness and improve ones quality of life. Effective health promotion teaching ultimately depends on how open the individual(s) is to change (Casey 2007).Prior to providing health promotion material, it is important to assess the learner to obtain their preferred learnedness method and any cultural issues that would affect the teaching. The teaching material has to be age appropriate for the learner. If they do not understand what is being taught, the teaching impart be a waste of time for the nurse as well as the individual(s) involved.A nurse can passively mention a health promotion idea while caring for their patient to see their response to the concept. This passive attack could spur a conversation regarding the idea and make th e patient more receptive to learning. After assessing the patient for learning readiness, providing written material and encouraging individuals to make a change is a good place to get moving a promotion activity. Another implementation apostrophize would be to involve the patients family if the teaching involves cooking or other lifestyle changes.This approach will add a support system for the patient but also make others in the household aware of changes that need to be made. Depending on what the lifestyle changes are, they could benefit the entire household, not just the patient. The patient should be involved when setting health promotion goals (Casey 2007). If the goals are set by the nurse, the patient will probably not be as receptive to making a lifestyle change. Another method effective for health promotion is motivational interviewing. The patient is involved during all stages of planning. They not only decide on the goal, but also figure out what barriers they may face that would hinder their success. This approach would work well for implementing health promotion for increased activity and incorporating more fruits and vegetables into ones diet. (Whittemore et al., 2010)There are three references of health promotion. The first type of health promotion is primary prevention. This type of prevention is often carried out in a community setting. Fluoridation of water to help lessen cavities, gage bans in public areas and immunizations are examples of primary prevention as they remove the risk factors or causes of disease. The second type of health promotion is secondary prevention. one-year physicals, mammograms and colonoscopies are examples of secondary prevention because they are able to detect disease early, often before the patient is symptomatic. At this level of prevention, it is hoped that the disease is caught early complete so the effects can be reversed.The third type of health promotion is tertiary prevention. During this stage of he alth promotion, the patient already has the disease so the aim is to slow the progression to allow the patient to have the highest quality of life possible. Blood glucose control for the diabetic to try to prevent blindness and ramification amputations is one example of tertiary prevention. Rehabilitation after a stroke would also fall under tertiary prevention (Oberg 2010).Over the years, health promotion is an important responsibility that has shifted from the physician to the nurse. They can participate in health fairs or partner with organizations and schools within the community to provide seminars. If funding for a platform is an issue, grants might be available for funding. Physicians, dentists or dieticians may volunteer their time or help with the funding for school programs. Nurses could also participate with corporations to promote healthy lifestyle changes to lower health insurance premiums for their employees. As more people focus on wellness instead of illness, oppor tunities for the nurse to encourage health promotion are endless.ReferencesCasey, D. (2007). Nurses perceptions, understanding and experiences of health promotion. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 16(6), 1039-1049. doi10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01640.xLazarou, C., & Kouta, C. (2010). The role of nurses in the prevention and management of obesity. British Journal Of Nursing (BJN), 19(10), 641-647.Oberg, E. (2010). Preventive function update. Integrative Medicine A Clinicians Journal, 9(4), 22-26.Whittemore, R., Melkus, G., Alexander, N., Zibel, S., Visone, E., Muench, U.,& Wilborne, S. (2010). Implementation of a lifestyle program in primary care by nurse practitioners. Journal Of The American Academy Of Nurse Practitioners, 22(12), 684-693. doi10.1111/j.1745-7599.2010.00562.xView as multi-pages

Marxism in “Goblin Market” by Christina Rossetti Essay

How is Marxism presented as a metaphor in Christina Rossettis poem Goblin food market?In Goblin Market, Rossetti presents Marxism as a metaphor through a number of different characters and through the lyric poem used. It could be argued that in the poem there is this root word that consumerism is bad, and that we are never satisfied with what we start which is essentially the theory behind Marxist views. An example of this in the poem is that once Laura has had a taste of the proceeds she immediately wants more. This is shown in Laura in an absent dreamlonging for the night. Laura is just wasting away waiting for the night to come so she thunder mug hear the goblins cry yet again. The use of the word longing could be used as a metaphor for the desire and addiction involved in consumer consumption in the economy as a whole.An otherwise way by which Rossetti presents Marxism through metaphor is through the goblins. The goblins could represent business men and therefrom be a met aphor for the greed and gluttony in capitalistic society, who tricks people into buying their products. For example when it says brother to sly brother it is as if the goblins have spotted a vulnerable customer who they know they can persuade to buy their produce. Rossettis use of the word sly infers that the goblins are devious and null in their transaction of the goods, which suggests the greed associated with capitalism through a Marxist opinion. It could therefore be argued that, even though money is the central medium for business, in Goblin Market the real value is in the greed and the experience. The golden lock of hair given to the goblins could represent this method of trade however.The Goblin men Are a metaphor for capitalism, and the exploitation of women by these capitalists. The Goblin men want her to buy their fruit, which could be seen as a metaphor for consumerism. On the other hand, it could also be suggested that this metaphor is for the capitalist system as a who le. To get this fruit Laura has to sell her body, and purity, represented by the hair that she sells to the goblin men. verbalism at this passage in particular.With the help of Marxist criticism we can make the argument that Rossetti was influenced by her contemporary society. As mentioned earlier, every society must according to Marxism pass through three stages in order to develop. The third stage of societys development, the bourgeois society, is a society where all path of production is controlled by one class in society and can therefore be interpreted as the Victorian society and its relationship with the British colonies during this time. The goblins in this poem could therefore be said to represent the controlling force in the economy.The study of the fruits that the goblin men sell through a Marxist perspective is a very important part of the analysis of Goblin Market. When considering the items offered to the two girls, certain properties of the fruits are particularl y interesting. The fruits are describe by the author as tempting, sweet-tasting and luscious-looking. They are also exotic and not the kind of fruits which are grown in the typical British climate and reputation which presents them as very idealistic. These idyllic fruits could therefore be argued to be a metaphor for the appeal of the capitalist regime and the presentation of propaganda through consumer products which draws a double to the way in which the fruits are presented as sweeter than honey and clearer than water which both have connotations of natural purity and fairness.By using these exotic fruits as the gull with which to trap the innocent girls, the reader gets the feeling that the goblin men have travelled around the world in order to collect and sell the fruit. The marketing and consuming of this fruit can therefore be interpreted as the conquering and exploitation of the British colonies all over the world.The structure of Goblin Market could be seen to represe nt Marxism through the use of enjambment and the visual appearance of the poem, due to it being an evenly laid out piece of writing. This is because Marxism was the basis for socialism which tends towards fairness and even structure in society which is reflected in the structure of the poem. For example, the lengths of the stanzas are all similar. On the other hand, another interpretation of the structure could be that it lends itself to a reading of Goblin Market as a Christian allegory of temptation, fall, and redemption, and somecritics have contended that this is the main purpose of the tale.In conclusion, the Marxist pedestal in Christina Rossettis poem Goblin Market is presented through metaphor. These metaphors take various shapes in the characters and the structure of the poem, as well as the use of language to insinuate the corruption involved in a capitalist societal structure.

American Ethnic Literature Essay

American Literature has been an important part of American sight for centuries. What makes this type of literature undischarged is that the authors vision is objective and not one sided. Several of the American authors are still considered to be bang-up writers. The books that were scripted by these authors are still read by people of all ages around the United States. These books are now considered classic literature. American literature is considered American because it was written by American people. Overall, editors appear to use an inconsistent combination of citizenship, geographical location,language, and subject matter (that is, the subject of America and the United States) (Hames- Garcia, p. 1, 2003). Most of the American literature was written by white men. In order to be considered American literature it has to be about the United States. There have been many great authors that write about science fiction, but because it is unreal their literature is not considered Ame rican literature. Politics also played an important role in literature. It was of great importance to portray the American character as an exceptional entity (Hames-Garcia, p. 1, 2003).In the early twentieth century, writers who were not American white men were not allowed to smother their works. Women writers as well as Black, Latino, American Indian, and immigrant writers were left out altogether. This happened because other ethnic groups were considered to be inferior. It was until the 1970s that feminist began to speak out and rebel against the conquest they were faced with. It is thanks to this reform that the American literature holds diversity. It allows for men and women to have the same opportunity to express their feelings without having to worry about their race or sex. virtually other type of literature is ethnic literature. This type of literature is often read as an autobiography, even when making no such claims. This is written on a first person point of view. The authors point of view is specific to their personal beliefs and life stories. It is difficult for this type of author to provide an obnoxious story. They are blinded by anger because of what they had to vital. The topics these authors write about covers racism and suppression. The definitions and topics will vary depending on the life experiences that each author or their families experienced.The p freshet line will also vary because each author lived unalike time periods, and of course things change over time. Ethnic Literature is great because it now holds different point of views. Every person has a different perspective on what happens around them. What allows for this to be great is that each person is entitled not totally to have their own belief, but they are able to express their feelings with freedom. No person is afraid of what repercussion might come because they decided to write from their heart. The virtue allows readers to realize that life has been harder for some people more than others.It is lightheaded to forget what our ancestors had to experience in order for each individual to encounter freedom. It is now easy for men and women of all races to walk freely around their city. This however came at a price, and this type of literature allows human beings to read and experience in some small way what it was like to live in a world were the color of your skin as well as your sex had a lot to do with the quality of life you lived. American Literature will continue to play an important role in American people. The only way to eff this type of literature is to introduce our younger generations to it.This is the perfect material needed to give to young readers so that they can value the lifestyle they are allowed to live today. It is up to us to keep this tradition alive so that our future generation can enjoy it as well. Reference Michael Hames-Garcia. (2003). Which America is ours? Martis true statement and the foundations of American liter ature. Modern Fiction Studies, 49(1), 19-53. Retrieved October 25, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID 328665241). Yonjae Jung. (2004). The New Americanist Intervention into the Canon. American Studies International, 42(2/3), 213-225. Retrieved October 26, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID 676208971).

Bracket International Case Study Essay

Case ReviewThe company angle bracket International has grown 78 million last form with a toll of goods interchange of 61 million. presently there are three locations in Ohio, Kentucky, and South Carolina. At the Ohio and Kentucky factories are automated flow shops and South Carolina factory focuses on clarified custom orders and is more of a batched process. However all three locations use a bar coding labels and s dopening equipment to monitor and control the flow of material. Currently there are 8,850 items play outned per day at all three factories. The Bracket International employees work 2000 hours each year with a average salary of $5,000. A company is trying to explain why switching to a radio frequence realisation device (RFID) arrangement can save money. It will serve up the company to be on demand operational planning and control.The system could help speed of the process of workflow. Right now the average scan prison term per items is ten seconds. The ten secon ds does not include the employee walking to each location to scan the bar law or replace any demanaged bar code tags. An average replacement of a tag can take as much as five minutes. To purchase a radio frequency identification device for all three locations will cost around $620,000 plus for the software programming and debugging another $480,000. There could be an error with the computer unable(p) to read the scan and the company believes the items is lost or not recorded in the Bracket International system.This could be cost error on the equipment. This system could cut down on audits because it is a readily location inventory. Bracket International has lost a job averaging around two million per year from Wolf Furniture because they were not able to react quickly enough to change in job specification and order size. The Home Depot is expressing Bracket International needs to be more flexible and wants the radio frequency identification. The Home Depot is Bracket International number one supplier.Related data to TextAfter reading about Technology and Operation Management section in our text book it attain me an understanding of the different pillowcase of technology out there. According to the text they do speak about radio frequency identification and explains this technology is considered hard technology. Using technology can have a huge advantage for companies whether it be from productivity improvement from technology or cost savings from technology.Discussion Questions1) Some advantages of radio frequency identification technology are simple to install or inject the body, human intervention is required to scan a barcode, where in most industry a tag can be detected with hands off, have a long reading range, has read/write memory capability, and is able to scan without having to physically scanning (Advantages of RFID 2009). Some disadvantages are difficult to read if tag is in liquid because liquid reflect the radio waves, dead area and taste p roblems, security concern, ghost tags, and high cost (RFID FAQ & Tutorial 2010). How do they compare to barcode scanner? There is no line of sight requirement, the tags can stand a harsh environment, long read range, portable database, multiple tag read/write and tracking people, item, and equipment (Pandey, K., 2010).2) There are a few requitals for the RFID. One of the payback could be reduce the amount of time it takes an employee to search and found the barcode take ten second while the RFID system is done in 2/100ths seconds. some other payback a RFID system does not having to redo labels that could take over five minutes. The company will be able to reduce inventory because the red-hot system will be done in real time allowing supplier to see what needs to be restocked. All these things have a cost advantages to making the switch.3) I think the short term would be to start doing research and getting an understanding of what it really takes an employee to do their job. Job s hading would give a leader an true understanding of how long it will take to do thing. After the short term happens the long term would be doing the work out to see if the cost advances to purchasing the equipment. If the company decides to move forward with purchasing the equipment they will need to get the employees to buy into this new equipment.ReferenceAdvantages of RFID. (2009) Retrieve November 6, 2010, from http//www.activewaveinc.com/technology_rfid_advantage.php Moscatiello, R. (2010) Advantages of RFID. basic Concepts in RFID Technology. Pg. 1 Pandey, K., (2010) Advantages and Disadvantages of RFID Technologies. Retrieve November 6, 2010, from http//www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-rfid-technology.html RFID FAQ & Tutorial (2010) Retrieve November 6, 2010, from http//www.idautomation.com/rfid_faq.htmlRFID_Advantages

Bollywood and Liberalization Essay

Bollywood as a term has been roughly in vogue for the last four decades and is synonymous to the Hindi take in diligence of Mumbai, formerly Bombay. precisely non until deep the term Bollywood has plough a macrocosm-wide phenomenon with the hay days of the economical lib periodlization or globalization in India since 1991. But before we delve deep into Bollywood, it is imperative that we should throw light on the economic phenomena of globalization and its socio- pagan invasion on India.Towards a explanation of globalization accord to the Oxford dictionary, globalization isthe process by which commercial-gradeized enterprisees or separate organizations develop inter field of study influence or start operating on an international scale. From the above definition of the term, it is difficult to draw its influence on a culture and its match on a global scale. If we take the example of India, which in turn, is the domains largest democracy and the largest potential fo odstuff for its incessantly add papaulation, it should be borne in mind that Firstly, globalisation implies free trade and mobility of goods, which has flooded the Indian market place with infinite distant products, Secondly, as the flood gates of unusual occupation opened to India, it exposed the indigenous business to the crude and highly demanding un eventide market competition which resulted in the obliteration of a act of Indian companies. India was originally a sellers market, vindicatory now due to high universe of discourse and a considerably wide market in comparison to the European is with a few indigenous competitors, India turned into a consumers market. According to Brian Longhearst, orbicu slowization is a term that tries to capture the rapid tender change that is occurring across a flake of dimensions, including economy, politics, communication theory and culture. where socio economic life cannot be firmly located in a snap officular endue with c lear boundaries.Hindi characterizations, by the turn of the last decade of the previous century, throw been an embodiment of these socio economic flips. These shifts argon inaccord with the pagan shift that has been inflicted by the globalized order of things. Spectrum of the Indian market had changed overnight due to the flooding of a waiter of foreign products in the indigenous markets. If we consider the buildical red approach of the relation between an economy and its culture, economy of a state is its base and the culture that thrives there is the superstructure built on that base. So an economic implication on a nation inevitably influences the ethnical convention of the societies of that nation who atomic number 18 exposed to that economic base.In P. Joshis Bollylite in America, Bollywood has been meant for a culture assiduity that remains constitutively international in w ar and global in role. Popular for its Hollywood remakes and reformulation of popular Hol lywood movies, other regional language burgeon forths (Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, Bhojpuri, and Malayalam language) and even old films, the term Bollywood has come to represent both an ack at a timeledgment of the debt the directors and technicians of the Hindi film industry owe to Hollywood for their creative ideas as sound as a description which challenges the monopolistic hegemony of Hollywood across the globe. In this regard, Asish Rajadhyaksha presents a genuinely evoke definition of Bollywood which enhances us to netherstand the industry in a better way than the usual consensus close Bollywood. According to him, Bollywoodization can be best netherstood as a..diffused ethnic conglomeration involving start of distri exclusivelyion and consumption activities.But this definition is prevalent tho aft(prenominal) it has incorporated the ethics and mutually exclusive forces of globalization homogeneous privatization, and liberalization which changed the production and cons umption of Mumbai films. The near universal legitimization of the term Bollywood (instead of Hindi cinema, Bombay cinema, Indian popular cinema, etc) is an index of larger social transformations taking place in India.Changes in the Film intentness from 1991It is imperative to throw light on the media sector of India and its subsequent effect of the liberalization policies. With the arrival of the artificial satellite and international television channels in 1991 in India, the media scenario underwent a radical change in the pastime firmament as well as the financial policies of the alike(p). Hong-Kong based Star TV, a subsidiary of parole Corporation, and CNN started broadcasting into India using the ASIAST-1 satellite. This was followed by an unprecedented and dramatic expansion of cable television. The open skies policy under the cutting liberal economy suddenly exposed the Indian earreach to a whole new set of cable channels from all around the world as well as from a ntithetical regions of the country with their own regional languages. Hollywood films, whose views were limited to the availability of VHS cassettes and film halls, were now easily visible(prenominal) on Star Movies and others. Therefore, the changes in the media landscape along with policy initiatives by the state precipitated a number of changes which in turn altered the Hindi film industry in the well-nigh dramatic fashion. However, 1998 saw a landmark decision which accredited Bollywood with the status of industry which facilitated the film industry to avail financial support from the government film industry became eligible for infrastructural and credit supports which was previously available to other industries. In addition to this, the film industry enjoyed reduction in custom duties on cinematographic film, complete exemption on export benefits, and tax incentives.Changes in the Exhibition and Promotional SystemWith the policy shifts owing to the liberalization process , wholeness screen theatre halls were started being replaced with the multiplexes, especially in the metropolitan cities handle Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Delhi and Kolkata. With the sophisticated financial policies for films start from its investment to its exhibition, the film industry became corporatized witha. development of websites for promotional activities of Bollywood films as well as the studios and the full-grown production houses, b. aggressive market and promotional activities for film music, which was having a stiffcompetition with the impudently rear indie pop mental strains, c. incessant and aggressive campaigns of the newly released films in radio, television and other forms of media like roving phones, d. increase in the ticket prices of the films in the multiplexes, e. the stars of the Hindi films started appearing in interviews, television shows and press meetings more(prenominal) than ever before, f. advertisements started endorsing the stars who b ecame regular faces in the satellite television channels.According to Ravi Sundaram, circulation of thousands of assorted media objects (both old and new) in the forms of print flyers, signage, mobile phones, music cassettes and CDs, created a visual frenzy centered around Bollywood.New Challenges for BollywoodIt is true that the film industry turned into a new global Bollywood with a lot of economic and financial facilities only after the economic liberalization, but for the same open market policies cinema in India and all across the world started facing stiff challenges from other forms of media, especially television. Bollywood faced enormous pressure in every maven to maintain and attract the auditory senses to the film theatre from the tele-visual extravaganza. Previously the records were surrounded with the p publicy stricken club and how a working class hero struggles to defeat the corrupt rich villains. It also accommodated the familial and community ties which proved to be more inhering and core to the existence of the individual. But now Bollywood films increasingly began to depict Indias shifting relationship with the world economy through images of a hybrid relation between the national and global there was interestingly some conscious deletion on thematic grounds like jhoparpatti (slums) and struggling protagonist in poverty and community feeling more than the feeling of a creditworthy citizen. The new filmmaker of Bollywood started adopting thematic structures and narrative devices which are in accord with a broader listening who are exposed to international cinema, international sitcoms and a feeling of becoming a new global Indian under the happy charm of globalization both economically and culturally. These strategiesadopted by Bollywood to incorporate expanding audience tastes and desires can be best described as taking global formats equipped with updated visual styles, dapple topical anaestheticizing, adapting, appropriating, a nd Indianizing theme . In this case, a term experiences central to the point of discussion G topical anaestheticization, which is an amalgamation of globalization and localization. Structures of the newly evolved Bollywood films can be mark offed as glocalization.Bollywood and the GlocalThe term glocalization was first coined by Robertson in his seminal see, Glocalization time-space and homogeneity-heterogeneity. In the set ab let out, he rejects and nullifies the binaries between the global and the local, the centre and the periphery, universality and particularism as models to comprehend the phenomena of globalization. Considering these models to be inadequate, Robertson says that glocalization captures the dynamics of the local in the global and the global in the local.The theory of glocalization holds true for a phenomena like Bollywood in the era of globalization. Let us read these characteristicsa. As Robinson theorizes further, he proposes that the theory of glocalizatio n as a way of account statement for both global and local, not as opposites but rather as mutually formative, complementary competitors, nutrition off each other as they struggle for influence. Now, the polarization between the global and the local and the notion that the local endurees a slow death under the immense pressure of the global orders does not hold true. In Bollywood films after globalization, we see a new sense of Indian nationalism has found its way more than ground level patriotism of defeating the anti-nationalist villains, nationalism now is more of nostalgia for a motherland that the characters have left behind. Therefore, this patriotic feeling is invested in the Non Residential Indian characters in todays films. Almost all the films produced today have their protagonists settled abroad, but are Indian to the core, or even if they are Hesperianized, it often takes the point of conflict in the film which findsits resolution in the national determine and tradi tions of the native nation. An important term vehemently used in academics in this regard is Diaspora, which means the movement, migration, or scattering of people away from an established homeland.b. The very idea of glocalization has been attacked by m whatsoever theorists for being apolitical in nature and being without any teeth or resistance to the sinister forces of globalization. The same dominance goes for Bollywood as it is an industry to cater to a wide audience ever more to generate profit. spill by this logical system, there has been a deliberation by the Bollywood industry to shift its focus from one attractive of target audience to the other kind the target groups have shifted from the rural and urban lower, lower-middle and middle class to the necessarily urban upper and middleclass with special emphasis on the NRIs. But a simplistic amateur of Bollywood will not be sufficient to understand the operatives and the cultural ramifications. Bollywood in the globalize d context calls for an overall correspondence of the global-local nexus and viewing glocalization as a mode of resistance as well as accommodation.According to many scholars, firstly, the new Bollywood has become a site of reconfiguration of locality and local subjects in the newly evolved cultural dimension under the economic liberalization. Secondly it served as an accounting for the new cultural trends and forms emerging at the intersections of the global and the local. Thirdly, it is also a mode of countering the frequently expressed fear of homogenization which becomes a part and parcel of the global flows of labor, culture or capitals. Lastly, Bollywood has become a recognition of the fact that when new ideas, objects, audio-visuals, spacial dimensions, social crisis, practices and performances are transplanted to another space, they bear the marks of history as well as undergo a process of cultural, political and ideological transcreations. In cinema, with the continuous pr oduction of global images of Indian residents, these distinguishable images, ideas and meanings attain faith and dependence on the highly varied local spaces.Fashion, Location, Music, stage spring and Language the Global DesiBollywood Global Fashion, Local SensibilitiesNot until the year of economic liberalization, India started being recognized as one of the most important fashion destinations of the world. Dresses were always being designed by the fashion designers for the Bollywood stars, but only recently have clothes become signed artifacts, and Bollywood styles and fashions become themselves separately marketable. Since liberalization, international fashion magazines like Verve, Vogue, and Elle report Indian editions feature glossy photographs of Bollywood stars and models with various merchandising objects and designer dresses. The newly emerging fashion designers like Sabyasachi Mukherjee, Manish Malhotra, Wendell Rodricks, Ritu Kumar, Ritu Beri and many others had start ed participating in the most important international fashion shows at Berlin, Venice, New York and capital of Italy became huge names in Bollywood. 1990s, especially the later part of the decade saw a shift in the way film costumes and clothes were being designed and produced. Indian viewers were no more secluded into Doordarshan anymore, and hence the satellite television network threw a plethora of glitz, glamour and notions of beauty was undergoing a rapid change among the masses. Therefore, filmmakers started believing that emphasis on fashion is imperative in a roaring marketing of Bollywood film. According Wilkinson-Weber, who has done extensive investigation into Indian fashion, notesIndian styles in film have themselves been subject to a fashion reinterpretation, contemporary designers have incorporated both their own designs, and designer label clothes from international markets into the looks they create for their actors.It is interesting to note that earlier in Hindi fil ms of the 70s till the late 80s, there used to be a vamp, the fallen woman, who would lead an immoral life and was supposed to be a violation of the traditional beliefs of India. These vamps personified the urban and modern tastes of society and the temptations and corruptions of anti-Indianess where being Indian meant identifying with, and committing to, constructions of tradition and virtue. This is the woman who would wear revealing dresses, and nigh all thedesigner dresses with innovative fashion statements including fashion accessories and make ups were invested on this character. But with liberalization the tradition was won by the fashion world, we see that there is no requisite of these vamps who would exhibit the fashionable dresses. Instead of the vamps, the new Bollywood heroines became the site of the sensual body to exhibit a host of fashion materials. These materials are not only limited to Western flamboyant designs, but also includes valuable traditional wears li ke lehngaas and sarees. India embraced the global trends and reinvented its traditional culture with the irresistible waves of globalization and soon Bollywood became more oecumenic than the other regional language films. Western clothing was no more a sign of anti-Indianness and was no longer marginalized by the audience.Bollywood Space and its Hybridityglobalization, in other words, is a world economic integration, hastened by global treaties and transnational organizations such as WTO. This economic network has facilitated the functioning of a market-driven and advertiser supported consumption in an unprecedented scale. Immigration facilities, cheap air tickets and facilitation of infrastructural support for Bollywood in foreign lands allowed easy mobility in travel and tourism among the bourgeoning Indian middleclass as well as the Indian film crews. Not only the shooting became easy in foreign pickles, it served a two-fold function to satisfy the desires of the two broad ran ges of Bollywood audience the first and the most lucrative film business is done in foreign lands, therefore the NRIs became the height target for the films so that they can relate themselves with the known landscapes with Indian oneness on the screen the second, now less important, being the Indian audience whose desire and longing for a picture perfect and almost an ideal state could be fulfilled on the screen with the exotic spaces of desire they can seldom visit. Moreover, the Indian government does not put any major tax on profits generated in foreign currencies which an Indian can bring home. This was a huge advantage for Bollywood for overseas business. The popular location shootings at Kashmir, Ooty and Shimla soon changed to the Swiss Alps, London and New York.In Karan Johars multi star-cast film, Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Ghum, one might recognise that in a single song sequence Shahrukh Khan and Kajol were in Delhi, Switzerland, Cairo, and London. But shifts in cinematic loca tions have the tendency to create a sense of placelessness, even homelessness and alienation. While audiences recognize the allure of foreign locations, they also feel some loss and dissolution of long-held identities associated with spaces. But although there are these shifts in location, it does not delude its audience as the meanings of narratives remain irreducibly fixed to local meanings with local stories constantly revisited and even reinvented. These foreign locations, whether it is Mahesh Manjrekars Kaante, Karan Johars Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna or Kal Ho Na Ho, Rakesh Roshans Kaho Na Pyar Hain or Farhan Akhtars Dil Chahta Hain or Don, Bollywood films are always domesticated with Bollywood stars who speak in Hindi in foreign lands or for that matter we can hardly see any native of the foreign land making an admission in the actual story line. The international settings do not confer the fact that the local crisis or the local cultures will find its way in the Bollywood narrati ves unalike Hollywood. On the contrary, these foreign spaces will be necessarily Indianized and beautiful exotic locations become a part of the world the globalized Indians inhabit. No matter wheresoever the place might be, Bollywood will be always telling a story about an Indian girl and a boy and an Indian family with their entire traditional ramifications held intact. Bollywood responds to both global and local imperatives by exporting Indianness to exoticized backdrops.MusicHindi cinema is known for its music, not as an integral part of the narrative or the story line, but as a separate entity. According to noted filmmaker, Shyam BenegalFor Indian films, for their very sustenance, songs are very important. But that is because for any kind of Indian entertainment, particularly community entertainment, music and songs were essential features. But songs in an Indian film does not make it a musical. In India film, songs interrupt,some propagation they are part of a storythey are int erludes.Hindi film songs were dominated by mushaira, ghazal, and qawali traditions with emphasis on Indian Classical Music. Songs were composed in the traditional Indian technique based on ragas and tunes which were accorded to the Urdu wrangle poems and traditional Hindi language. One thing should be noted here is that unlike the West, which thrives on a history of rich visual culture, Indian tradition thrives on an aural culture and therefore songs become an integral part of any representation. Globalized Bollywood adheres to the primacy of song and dance per se, and also to the function of the musical parts indoors the film as spaces of displaying internal fantasies and a situation of eroticized communication. But the way in which the Hindi film music is composed now (based on chords rather than ragas as was the case previously) and packaged has undergone a huge change instead of the classical base, most of the music has shifted to groovy hip-hops and incorporated various fo rms of popular and joust arrangements. The reason seems to be very interesting, as Bollywood film music industry faced a big challenge in the 1990s with the advent of the newly found Indie popular music with the likes of bands like Silk Route and Euphoria, and individual stars like Lucky Ali, Kay Kay and a host of talented artists. As mentioned earlier, globalization has do Bollywood more corporatized and aggressive marketing strategies became its key areas to achieve financial success. These independent artists were appropriated by Bollywood firstly to fail the competition and obliterate the threat of an unprecedented challenge put forward by the indie pop culture, but also to enrich film music with the inputs of these new trends and innovation of a music industry nurtured outside the film world.LanguageGlobalized Bollywood has also witnessed a metamorphosis in the arena of spoken language. customs duty of incline has become more obvious than Hindi colloquial itself. Since in dependence the influence of Persian and Urdu was boastful in Hindi films. But globalization turned the spoken language into a hybrid one a mix of Hindi and English. This trend was even reflected inthe titles of the films which released after the 90s. This hybrid language has become the most common trend among the urban youth which has been infested to and by the plethora of glocal culture in satellite television channels which runs 24*7 in every household in India. Madhav Prasad in his essay This thing called Bollywood finds out that the nationalist ideology of India was held together historically by a metalanguage which could properly word one nationalist sentiment. Prasad argues that in a globalized India, English provides the ideological coordinates of the new world of Bollywood films. According to him, English phrases and proverbs are liberally used to construct a web of discourse which the characters inhabit.ChoreographyAn overlooked arena in Bollywood is the field of choreo graphy. Through the ages, Bollywood choreography has gained considerable amount of sophistication and respect. This has also its influence bony from the satellite television programs on dance competitions like Boogie Woogie and international and national music videos in channels lasting to a multinational corporation who gained their access in India only after globalization. Choreography in Hindi films, which was taken just as a time pass and was taken in the least serious way by the viewers, suddenly became a spectacle with huge investments and taking highly proficient artists and chorographers as item numbers. Another change that had taken place in globalized Bollywood films is a matter of a far more serious and economic concern the accompanying social dancers in Hindi films used to belong to the groups of third-year artists, most of whom were from lower middle-class and slum areas. But suddenly this changed with Subhash Ghais Taal, which introduced the famous dancer Shyamak Davar and his group which replacing the former setting of junior artists as dancers. Accompanying dancers in contemporary Bollywood evolved from junior artists to highly skilled and upper class professional dancers, courtesy to a number of modern dancing schools. This has further evolved to foreign dance troops who come as packages with other facilities when a Bollywood film is gap abroad. Since the early 1990s, there has been an explosion in the number of foreign women dancers who are used as extras for the song and dance sequences in films (Mumbai filmindustrys demand for foreign dancers has brought a large number of women from Eastern Europe and Russia). Since 1960, Hindi films nationalism through the role of women represented Western women as primarily immoral and sexually accessible to the Indian male and as embodiment of unbridled sexuality. The trend is whitewash continuing today and the value judgment of women based on their sexuality and chastity is immensely epoch-makin g for the audience. Indian viewers recognize the influx of these foreign women into the song and dance sequences and equate their presence with overt sexualization of film choreography. As V.Lal puts it in his essay The Impossibility of the Outsider in Modern Hindi film, over sexualization of song and dance may create a cultural threat and anxiety, but such strains are appeased with a logic that the foreign backup dancers can be sexy but the Indian heroines and heroes have to maintain the decorum of modesty and tradition. Globalization has made song sequences a site of haughty and flawless pleasure, but seldom have we talked about the particular class of junior artists, who are perished under the new liberalization aesthetics. However, maintaining the tradition-modernity and sober-obscene construct of the Bollywood notions in accord with its audience has become a conventional practice with the Indian heroines gearing up in both Western and traditional attires and participating in the same choreography with the other cultural representations through the white women (both blonde and brunette) who wear revealing dresses and symbolize sexual ecstasy. It is of course a niche created by the globalized Bollywood according to G. Gangoly in his essay Sexuality, Sensuality, and Belonging Representations of the Anglo-Indian and the Western Women in Hindi Cinema. It is a curious fact that the integration of MTVization, especially the beach companionship reality shows like Grind and due to new trends in advertisements with star endorsements has further eased the tension of this stance of traditional sanctity in contemporary Bollywood films. Heroines are more global than ever, sexually more liberated than the previous years and the women characters are gaining more independence in terms of economic and social structure as the space of unfolding of the narrative is loosely New York, London or any other first world city. We see the evolution of super stars like Katrina Ka if, whose very presence reminds us that our women of desire in cinema is an Indian who exhibit and combine the beauties and characteristics of a white woman too.Globalization has embraced Bollywood cinema not to impose the global cultures in the Indian terrain neither to challenge the cultural archetypes, nor to interview the nationalist feelings into jeopardy. On the contrary, the national image and the desire of the nation as an emerging global place under the umbrella of the United States is reconfigured and consolidated in a new way. Bollywood through its films have invested a vision of portraying itself to the world as a global superpower, not from the military point of view, but as a highly skilled and updated human resource tank whose representations are manifested through the protagonists and their friends inside, and mostly outside the country. But this is not the only agenda that Bollywood has the cultural ramifications and re-endorsements of the familial emotions along with the Non-residential Indian community feelings are of prime importance. As Bourden points out, with the changes in media production, consumption, and exhibition, locality is produced as ones sense of inequality from the global, but the new locality is no longer a spontaneous expression of given, long-held local traditions. Glocalization has helped Bollywood not only to link the spaces far and broad stretching to different continents, but also to invent the localities which are hybrid in nature, but national in culture. An Indian audience in contemporary time aspires to be a global citizen, and Bollywood becomes a key cultural impetus through which global is constructed locally just as the local is constructed globally.3. OBJECTIVEi. To understand the cultural ramifications of the terms globalization and what we understand as Bollywood in particular reference to Mumbai (previously Bombay) film industry.ii. To understand the various impacts of globalization on Hindi films not resulting in mutation of the Hindi film cultural but a new coexistence of hybridity.iii. To trace the impact of the new glocal or hybrid culture on variousaspects of Hindi popular cinema challenged by the ever changing Indian media under globalization.4. SUMMARYWith the new market liberalization policies, Indian media scenario underwent a rapid change in the way it reached to its audience. Waves of change in the Indian media industry penetrated into the Hindi film industry as well. This marked a departure of the Hindi popular cinema from the way it operated in the eighties and deliberately changed the way its ways both as an industry and as a commercial product as well. Hindi popular cinema, preferably termed as Bollywood, under the new global ethics became international in production and global in consumption, at the sometime maintaining and reiterating facets of what we may call Indian culture (mostly limited to the upper caste Hindu North Indian culture). This may be termed as gl ocalization which means global ideas with local stories. The new Bollywood also came with the over-arching presence of the NRIs who gained importance in the new Bollywood of globalization. With the overseas business and opportunity of this certainly influenced and changed the way in which Hindi popular incorporated locations, songs, choreography and a number merchandizing items starting from fashion, accessories to other commercial products.FAQs1. As a term, has Bollywood got anything to do with Hollywood? Bollywood as a term is a mixture of Bombay, the earlier name of Mumbai and Hollywood. Linking the mainstream Hindi film industry with the name of the worlds biggest film industry not only become a feeling of pride but also a tribute to the artists and technicians of Hollywood for the dexterity of work.2. If globalization is an economic aspect, why does it influence the cultural aspect as is the case with Bollywood? As already mentioned, if we follow the classical Marxist approach, most of the times the shift in the economic base influences shifts in other aspects of life i.e. a shift in the baseinevitably influences a shift in the superstructure the structure which is placed above the base. Hence, any cultural aspect is bound to be influenced if the economic base undergoes a shift. Therefore, with the change of the nature of the market, a commercial industry like Bollywood has to respond to the market ethics and hence has to change itself accordingly.3. What is culture industry? civilization Industry as a term was coined by the Marxists Theodore Adorno and Max Horkheimer belonging to the Frankfurt School. The original essay is known as Culture Industry Enlightenment as Mass Deception, of the book dialectic of Enlightenment (1944), where they proposed that the all the representations of popular culture including radio, print television and a part of cinema are produced and reproduced standardized cultural goods just like any other manufactured good coming o ut of the factory whose only objective is nothing philosophical and eclectic, but generating capital.4. How is Bollywood considered to be a culture industry?A lot of scholars refer this term to Bollywood because Bollywood is a mainstream commercial industry whose objective is also profit generation, which is more than ever in the era of globalization.5. Why does Bollywood invest so much on narratives link up to NRIs? NRIs, or non-residential Indians have gained primacy in films as characters and as audience primarily to generate a market in the overseas. It has been a trend after globalization because the restrictions and taxes which were there previously in overseas business is eased to great close and hence the profit generation of the new Bollywood films have been easier than before.6. Why does Bollywood shifted from the pan-Indian audience to a more specific target group of the urban elites? As India is often been imagined as a developing country, there has been a trend of con verting each and every class, whether rural or urban, into ideal consumers. logical system of consumption is best found in the urban areas where products, goods and services of all levels are readily available. Moreover, the logic of development in most of the cases have become the process of expansion of urban areas where therural population is fast being converted into urban ones. Hence, Bollywood cinema is akin to this development and the new rural-converted-urban populace has started conclusion meaning in the new Bollywood. Therefore, with the influx of so many products and goods, targeting the urban elite will rattling incorporate the fast transforming rural population into the same group.7. In spite of having a lot of songs, why does a Hindi film never become a musical genre? If we pay perplexity to the cultural history of India, it will be clear that the India has rich heritage in aural culture, unlike the visual one of the West. hence the cultural rendering of a song or , music piece in the West is entirely different from that of the Indian subjects. so, in spite of inclusion of a number of songs into films, the film is never been perceived as a musical genre.8. If India has accepted globalization, why do the Hindi films personate to traditional elements? Globalization has hardly anything to do with modernity or tradition. Rather, if we consider glocalization as a valid point which has a deep effect on the film industry, globalization will inspire us into exploring the new markets and plethora of products has to offer and at the same time clinging on to the roots of tradition (to the extent of discovering and rediscovering them in a new way). So more the NRIs will feature with all the elements of Western culture, more facets of traditional inputs will visible in the image reproduction of Bollywood.9. In spite of shooting at locations far off from the homeland, the characters of the Hindi films never feel alienated and homeless. Why? Because Hindi fi lms never mean its characters, plots and other elements with the foreign ones. Although the locales are away from home, the ethics, morality and sentiments remain Indian to the core.10. Why is it so that the Bollywood had been forced to change itself after globalization? With the advent of open market policies, Indian media saw the rise of various television channels including film channels where the audience for the first time could watch all the films just sittingback at home. Bollywood had to turn to newer ways to attract the Indian audience who are suddenly facing the pleasures of the satellite channels, not only in terms of its production quality, but also its marketing policies.

International Management Essay

Evaluate the option of negotiants from Canada pure t unrivalled. Were any mis outcomes do in the selection? assist 1 The success of international championship relationships depends on effective furrow duologues. Negotiators need to be swell prep bed. Understanding how to pass on international profession negotiation egresscomes and the factors relevant to the do ordain al woeful negotiators to be to a greater extent successful. Negotiation is an inherent part of being in telephone line. Negotiating is an acquired skill, simply is genuinely all- valuable(prenominal) part of your procedure as an entrepreneur.4 Negotiators from Canada Timber went to japan for disdain negotiation,Tim Wilder-chief operating officer of Canada Timber,John Sharkey-an attorney,Bill Hudak- action supervisor and Kevin Peterson-a regional gross gross revenue mortal.The first negotiator,Tim Wilder-CEO of Canada Timber, As a vexation admiter, negotiations with incompatible businessmen ar inevi display board. He wanted to establish a corporate partnership with a nonher business. One of the most(prenominal) fire sentences in the life of a business featureer is when an opportunity arises to enter into an agreement that supporting nurse the business to c retrogressly former(a) level. (http//www.startupbizhub.com/how- hindquarters-you-become-a- cheeseparing-negotiator.htm)CEO be the highest ranking executive in a familiarity whose main responsibilities include excogitateing and implementing high-level strategies, devising major corporate decisions, managing the oerall operations and resources of a company, and acting as the main point of communication between the board of head upors and the corporate operations. The CEO bequeathing often come a position on the board, and in some cases is even the chair.So the selection of Tim Wilder,CEO from Canada Timber as a negotiator was a correct decision.Second negotiator Mr John Sharkey-An lawyer whole works with business leters to make incontestable that in that respect argon no unresolved or, as is usually the case, unrecognised sleep together points that might be overlooked in the excitement of reaching an agreement.The deal negotiation attorney besides garters to ensure that the deal is properly structured to suit both(prenominal) parties inevitably. A weakly indite agreement that is satisfactory to both companies is the best foundation for a upright business relationship which leave al staring be an asset to your company. A major deal is a break-through moment for any growing company. By having a negotiation attorney on your nerve, you can be sure that the agreement is angiotensin converting enzyme that depart garter propel your business to new heights of success.(http//www.davidmwalkeresq.com/pages/deal-negotiation.php)An Attorney manages all legal transactions and litigation on behalf of entrepreneurs, offering precisely tar tolerateed solutions for a full ran ge of problems and who understand the look upon of maintaining an on-going relationship with counsel. They help draft, appraise, and negotiate take ins, advise you on legal problems and questions, and if you become involved in a dispute, handle negotiations and/or litigation. If your new venture requires to a greater extent specialized services, we bring in and manage other schoolmasters on your behalf.They entrust an efficient and cost-effective service to manage all of the legal needs plot of ground the company CEO focus on the business venture. So the selection of Mr John Sharkey-An Attorney as a negotiator was a correct decision.Third Negotiator,Mr Bill Hudak a production supervisor,his knowledge of hardwoods and the production procedures of Canada Timber made him an obvious choice for inclusion on the negotiating team. He locate and supervise day to day production,job assignment,and workstation set-up.working in a co-operative effort with Canada Timber team.He particip ates in the development of new production processes,developing strategies for meeting production involves.Monitor production practices for the most efficient white plague of material to assure that we are producing a product that meets customer needs and as well is profitable for the organization.He has extensive knowledge of the methods,principles,techniques,and tools of industrial wood production.So the selection of Mr John Sharkey-An Attorney as a negotiator was a correct decision. (http//www.helenaindustries.org/images/WoodShopSupervisor.pdf)4th Negotiator,Kevin Peterson,a regional salesperson.Not every salesperson will be a natural at negotiation. Salespeople are there to close business. This doesnt cockeyed they should theatrical role salutary-arm tactics to close deals. For the salesperson that doesnt start out the needed negotiation skills, theres al panaches the price to fall back on. Its a crutch and an excuse, nevertheless one thats tardily conveyed by businesse s and managers alike.For salesperson, negotiation is second nature. Even Kevin is married to a woman of Nipponese gillyf first gearer ,knowa a few words in Nipponese and somewhat familiar with Nipponese finale,selection of Kevin Peterson as a negotiator was non a correct decision. (http//www.driveyoursuccess.com/2010/07/secret-of-successful-b2b-sales-having-strong-negotiation-skills-.html) After evaluating the negotiators from Canada Timber,we felt that chosing Mr Kevin Peterson,A regional salesperson was a haywire decision made by Tim Wilder.Question 2What differences in culture between the Nipponese and Canadians can be found in this case? Answer 2 1.Directness. Canadians tend to be more repoint than Japanese. They are more say-so to say No to things openly and are more forward round their opinions, even when they differ from or contradict a nonher persons opinions. This whitethorn come crosswise as offensively blunt to many a(prenominal) Japanese people. In most cases , they dont mean any offense, so try not to take it own(prenominal)ly. Understand that the Japanese select not to use the word no. If you pack a question they whitethorn simply respond with a yes only clearly mean no. Understanding this is critical in the negotiation process. In Japan it may be considered rude to say no or turn someone down.(http//2vancouver.com/en/articles/ ethnic-differences-between-canada-japan) 2. Body Language. When indicating me in conversation, Canadians point to their chest alternatively than their nose. When indicating for you to come to them, Canadians will wave you toward them with their hand palm up kind of than palm down. If you wave someone over with your palm down, they may confuse this to mean that youre nerve-wracking to wave them a bureau. (http//2vancouver.com/en/articles/ cultural-differences-between-canada-japan)3. Silence. Japanese people tend to be silent when hypothecateing in conversation. Canadians, on the other hand, hedging soun ds like Hmm or start a sentence without finishing it (i.e. Let me venture or Lets go over). Ifyou dont use any hedging delivery like this, you may find that Canadians will rush to fill what they see as an awkward silence, not knowing that youre actually thinking and lose something to say.4. chore cards. In Japan, business cards are called meishi. Japanese apportion and incident meishi with both hands. It should be printed in your home expression on one side and Japanese on the other. Present the card with the Japanese language side up. Take special guard in handling cards that are given to you. Do not write on the card. Do not put the card in you pocket or wallet, as either of these actions will be scaned as defacing or dis delight ining the business card. Upon receipt of the card, it is in-chief(postnominal) to make a photocopy of the name and human activity of the individual in your mind. Examine the card carefully as a show of respect. (http//www.indianchild.com/langu ages/japanese_business_phrases.htm) 5.Touching in public.The Japanese frown on open appearances of affection. They do not fleck in public. It is super inappropriate to touch someone of the opposite sex in public.(http//www.cyborlink.com/besite/japan.htm)6. see culture.Just try to be over polite and dont do anything wild because they are a culture base on pay back and respect. As long as youre making an effort to be polite (as it seems you are) people will notice that and give you the benefit of the suspect in most cases. If youre acting like a pompous *** and being disrespectful, thats some other story. (http//www.cyborlink.com/besite/japan.htm) 7.Business Meeting Etiquette hold outt be surprised if your hosts give you something from their e bow too. If the enthrone is wrapped, dont open it until you leave. If the gift is not wrapped, make sure to express copious appreciation (whether you like it or not). Ask some questions somewhat the gift to show interest. (http//www. japan-guide.com/e/e2195.html)8.Social Interaction If you do go out for dinner, keep in mind that going Dutch is not normal in Japan. If youre the buyer, youll likely be in for a free evening of entertainment. If youre the seller well, if you were a local, youd in all probability be picking up the tab. However, its not quite this simple since your hosts may still swear on paying because you are a visitant in their country. Also, it is normal for the inviting party to pay.(http//www.japan-guide.com/e/e2195.html) 9.Gifts. Dont be surprised if your hosts give you something from their country .If the gift is wrapped, dont open it until you leave. If the gift is not wrapped, make sure to express copious appreciation (whether you like it or not). Ask some questions slightly the gift to show interest. (http//www.japan-guide.com/e/e2195.html)Question 3What could consecrate been done contrastively in station to produce a more desirable outcome? Answer 3 1.Understand the heathenish tax Differences between Canadian and Japanese. cultural outstrip or dissimilarity affects the ability of managers to be effective in foreign commercialises. ethnical distance is the difference between culture, language and societal structure (Root 1987) that affects managers perceptions of what should constitute culturally appropriate behavior in a foreign market (Adler, Doktor, and Redding 1986).To achieve project goals and avoid potential risks, project managers should be culturally sensitive. However, cultural differences can interfere with the successful completion of projects in forthwiths multicultural global business community.Table below shows the impact of differences in cultural values to the bulge out results. Table Adapted from Kohls (1981) Marquardt and Kearsley (1999)Figure 1 Value Differences between Canadian and Japanese Cultures Canadian heathenish ValuesJapanese Cultural ValuesImpact on Project Management. personal identityCollectivism/ pigeonholing+Achievement ModestyXWinningCollaboration/Harmony+Guilt (internal self- entertain)Shame (external control)X self-exaltation economic placement faceXRespect for resultsRespect for status/Ascription+Respect for competenceRespect for eldersTime is moneyTime is lifeAction/DoingBeing/AcceptanceTasksRelationship/Loyalty innerFormalDirectness/AssertivenessIndirectnessVerbalNon-verbal+(+) = Positive impact of combining both values on outcomes (-) = Negative impact of combining both values on outcomes (culture clash) (X) = No directimpact on outcomesAdapted from Kohls (1981) Marquardt and Kearsley (1999)1.1 Cultural Values on International Business Negotiation Process International BusinessNegotiation ProcessImpact of CulturesGoalJapanese negotiators value long- margin relationships. Canadian negotiators aim at signing a contract. Protocol The degree of formality in a negotiation can metamorphose from culture to culture. Japanese value etiquette and respectful manners. Canadian negotiators are very for mal and highly come to with proper protocol. CommunicationJapanese tend to speak softly and use almost no gestures, and prefer indirect language. Canadian are direct and prefer a straightforward presentation with a stripped of game playing. Time Canadian are sensitive to time. They view it as a limited resource that must not be wasted. Japanese regard time as long duration, spending time to try counterparts. Groups versus individuals In decision making, a more collective culture places emphasis on assemblage priority. An individual-oriented culture is more independent and assertive. Japanese negotiators rely on consensus2. Provide Training to the negotiators and Characteristics of a good sales negotiator. Train your Negotiator team to be quick-witted negotiators, says Kelley Robertson, a sales training expert and CEO of Robertson Training Group in Burlington, Ontario.Here are nine compositors caseistics of a good sales negotiator, according to Robertson 1. Exhibits Creativity. A good negotiator looks for creative solutions to help close the deal. Depending on your labor, you could barter with a potential customer or create a partnership. For practice, I will waive part of my oral presentation fee at a conference in return for the attendee list, says Robertson. In that situation, both parties achievesomething.2. Has a win-win attitude. The best stylus to achieve this is to look at the sale from the other partys perspective. What are their risks, hesitations, concerns? By determining those before you reach the negotiating table, you can better create win-win solutions for both sides. 3. Has intense listening skills. Customers will often give you cue sticks about what they need. Say youve e-mailed a sales presentation to a potential client, but they keep claiming they havent had time to read it. What theyre really coition you is they doesnt want toso instead, see to it them your sales pitch over the phone.Missing a clue like that can cost you a sale. 4. Exhibits patience. Without patience, you may make early concessions just to get the process movingespecially if youre negotiating with a enceinter company. Their sales process takes a lot time-consuming than other small businesses or consumers, says Robertson. But making the right deal, rather than a swift one, will be better for your company. 5. Understands the negotiating process. Salespeople must understand that theres a beginning, middle and end to the sales process, and that once the relationship begins, everything you do afterward either adds value or takes away value. So hold on positive, continue to be responsive, and dont let the customer fall off your radar.6. Clarifies ambiguity. A good negotiator takes time to get clarification. Lets say a customer at a restaurant doesnt like their food. The waiter shouldnt arrogate they didnt like their entire meal, and should ask specifically what went wrong. Perhaps hell find out it was undercooked, or just a portion of the me al was wrong. The lesson A negotiator doesnt take what they hear at face value and takes the time to get clarification on the other partys qualms. 7. Shows curiosity. Being able to ask insightful questions, and having the fortitude to ask those questions, is some other critical characteristic. I knew a prospective customer had met with my competitor, and since I was curious I asked how my presentation stacked up against his, says Robertson. So I then had a leg up in the negotiating process, because I knew what I was up against. 8. Has the ability to walk away. near small business owners put themselves in a position where theyre unwilling to walk away from a sale because they sense they urgently need it. This is a mistake.When you hold that mindset, a customer has a better chance of taking utility of you. Every deal has to make good business sense, says Robertson. 3.Harmony. Harmony is the key value in Japanese ordering. Harmony is the guiding philosophy for the Japanese in fa mily and business settings and in society as a whole. They place great emphasis on politeness, personal right and working together for the universal, rather than the individual, good. They see working in harmony as the crucial ingredient for working robustly. 4.Japanese Non-Verbal Communication Since the Japanese get to for harmony and are group dependent, they rely on seventh cranial nerve side, tone of verbalize and posture to tell them what someone feels.They often trust non-verbal messages more than the spoken word as words can have several meanings. Frowning while someone is speaking is see as a sign of disagreement. Most Japanese maintain an impassive expression when speaking. Expressions to watch out for include inhaling through clenched teeth, tilting the head, boodle the back of the head, and scratching the eyebrow. It is considered disrespectful to stare into another persons eyes, particularly those of a person who is senior to you because of age or status. In crow ded situations the Japanese avoid eye contact to give themselves privacy.5.Meet Meeting Etiquette & Customs in Japan Greetings in Japan are very formal and ritualized.It is important to show the correct amount of respect and deference to someone based upon their status relative to your own.If at all possible, wait to be introduced.It can be seen as impolite to introduce yourself, even in a large gathering.While foreigners are gestateed to shake hands, the traditional form of greeting is the turn. How far you bow depends upon your relationship to the other person as well as the situation. The deeper you bow, the more respect you show.A foreign visitor (gaijin) may bow the head slightly, since no one expects foreigners to generally understand the subtle nuances of bowing.6.Gift Giving Etiquette Gift-giving is highly ritualistic and meaningful.The ceremony of presenting the gift and the way it is wrapped is as importantsometimes more importantthan the gift itself.Gifts are given for many occasions.The gift need not be expensive, but take great care to ask someone who understands the culture to help you decide what type of gift to give. ripe quality chocolates or small cakes are good ideas.Do not give lilies, camellias or lotus blossoms as they are associated with funerals.Do not give white flowers of any kind as they are associated with funerals.Do not give potted plants as they encourage sickness, although a bonsai tree is always consumeable.Give items in odd numbers, but not 9.If you buy the gift in Japan, have it wrapped.Pastel colours are the best choices for wrapping paper.Gifts are not opened when received. 7.Relationships & Communication The Japanese prefer to do business on the derriere of personal relationships.In general, being introduced or recommended by someone who already has a good relationship with the company is exceedingly helpful as it allows the Japanese to know how to place you in a hierarchy relative to themselves.One way to build and maintain relationships is with greetings / seasonal cards.It is important to be a good correspondent as the Japanese hold this in high esteem.8.Business Meeting Etiquette Appointments are required and, whenever possible, should be made several weeks in advance.It is best to telephone for an appointment rather than send a letter, fax or email. Punctuality is important. produce on time for meetings and expect your Japanese colleagues will do the very(prenominal).Since this is a group society, even if you think you will be meeting one person, be prepared for a group meeting. It may take several meetings for your Japanese counterparts to become comfortable with you and be able to conduct business with you.This initial acquire to know you time is crucial to laying the foundation for a successful relationship.You may be awarded a small amount of business as a trial to see if you meet your fealtys.If you respond rapidly and with excellent service, you prove your ability and trusdeucer thiness. Never refuse a request, no matter how difficult or non- profitable it may appear. The Japanese are looking for a long-term relationship.Always provide a mailboat of literature about your company including articles and client testimonials.Always give a small gift, as a keepsake of your esteem, and present it to the most senior person at the end of the meeting. Your Japanese contact can advise you on where to find something appropriate.9.Business Negotiation The Japanese are non-confrontational.They have a difficult time formulation no, so you must be vigilant at observing theirnon-verbal communication.It is best to phrase questions so that they can answer yes. For example, do you disagree with this?Group decision-making and consensus are important.Written contracts are required. The Japanese often run silent for long periods of time. Be forbearing and try to work out if your Japanese colleagues have understand what was said.Japanese prefer broad agreements and mutual un derstanding so that when problems arise they can be handled flexibly.Using a Japanese lawyer is seen as a gesture of goodwill.Note that Japanese lawyers are quite distinguishable from occidental lawyers as they are such(prenominal) more functionary. Never lose your temper or raise your voice during negotiations.Some Japanese close their eyes when they want to listen intently.The Japanese seldom grant concession. They expect both parties to come to the table with their best offer.The Japanese do not see contracts as final agreements so they can be renegotiated 10.Business Cards Business cards are ex counterchanged constantly and with great ceremony.Invest in quality cards.Always keep your business cards in pristine condition.Treat the business card you receive as you would the person.You may be given a business card that is only in Japanese.It is wise to have one side of your business card translated into Japanese.Give your business card with the Japanese side facing the recipient . choose sure your business card includes your title, so your Japanese colleagues know your status within your organization.Business cards are given and received with 2 hands and a slight bow.Examine any business card you receive very carefully.During a meeting, place the business cards on the table in front of you in the order of battle people are seated.When the meeting is over, put the business cards in a business card case or a portfolio 11.Business ethics Japanese opine in business ethics. They provide products and services to the customers and never ready to cheat them. Thus they provide service to the community and fulfill social responsibility. They do business fairly. They earn profit but not at the cost of quality.Question 4What is Hofstedes holding of culture? Which category does Malaysia falls into?Answer 4We know we are spirit in a global age. Technology has brought the world much closer together. This means that people of different cultures find themselves workin g together and communicating more and more. (http//www.ctp.bilkent.edu.tr/aydogmus/Hofstede_Hall.pdf) This is exciting and interesting, but it can too be frustrating and fraught with uncertainty. How do you relate to someone of another culture? What do you say, or not say, to start a conversation off right? Are there cultural taboos you need to be awake(predicate) of? Building tie-ups with people from around the world is just one belongings of cultural diversity. You as well have issues like motivating people, structuring projects, and developing strategy. What works in one location may or may not work somewhere else. The question is, How can I come to understand these cultural differences? Are we relegated to learning from our mistakes or are there generalized guidelines to follow?Fortunately, a psychologist named Dr Geert Hofstede asked himself this question in the 1970s. What emerged after a decade of research and thousands of interviews is a model of cultural marks that ha s become an internationally recognized standard. With access to people working for the same organization in over 40 countries of the world, Hofstede collected cultural data and analyzed his findings. He initially identified four distinct cultural places that served to distinguish one culture from another. Later he added a fifth ratio and that is how the model stands today. He scored each country using a scale of roughly 0 to 100 for each dimension. The higher the score, the more that dimension is exhibited in society. The Five Dimensions of CultureArmed with a large database of cultural statistics, Hofstede analyzed the results and found clear patterns of similarity and difference amid the replys on these five dimensions. Interestingly, his research was done on employees of IBM only, which allowed him to attribute the patterns to national differences in culture, largely eliminating the problem of differences in company culture.(http/www.mindtools.com)The five dimensions are1. Po wer/Distance (PD) This refers to the degree of contrariety that exists and is accepted among people with and without military unit. A high PD score indicates that society accepts an unequal distribution of major causation and people understand their place in the system. utter PD means that power is shared and well dispersed. It also means that society members view themselves as equals. Application According to Hofstedes model, in a high PD country like Malaysia (104), you would probably send reports only to top management and have closed door meetings where only a select few, powerful leaders were in attendance.CharacteristicsTipsHigh PDCentralized companies.Strong hierarchies.Large disruptions in compensation, authority, and respect. note a leaders power.Be aware that you may need to go to the top for answersLow PDFlatter organizations.Supervisors and employees are considered almost as equals.Use teamworkInvolve as many people as possible in decision making.2. Individualism (IDV) This refers to the strength of the ties people have to others within the community. A high IDV score indicates a give up connection with people. In countries with a high IDV score there is a lack of interpersonal connection and piddling sharing of responsibility, beyond family and perhaps a few close friends. A society with a low IDV score would have strong group cohesion, and there would be a large amount of verity and respect for members of the group. The group itself is also larger and people take more responsibility for each others well being. Application Hofstedes analysis suggests that in the Central American countries of Panama and Guatemala where the IDV dozens are very low (11 and 6, respectively), a marketing campaign that emphasized benefits to the community or that even into a popular political movement would likely be understood and well-received.CharacteristicsTipsHigh IDVHigh military rating on peoples time and their need for freedom.An enjoyment of chall enges, and an expectation of rewards for hard work. Respect for privacy.Acknowledge accomplishments.Dont ask for too much personal information.Encourage debate and expression of own ideas.Low IDVEmphasis on building skills and becoming masters of something. Work for intrinsic rewards.Harmony more important than honesty.Show respect for age and wisdom.Suppress feelings and emotions to work in harmony.Respect traditions and introduce change slowly.3. masculinity (MAS) This refers to how much a society sticks with, and values, traditional male and female roles. High MAS scores are found in countries where men are expected to be tough, to be the provider, to be assertive and to be strong. If women work outside the home, they have separate professions from men. Low MAS scores do not reverse the sex activity roles. In a low MAS society, the roles are simply blurred. You see women and men working together equally across many professions. Men are allowed to be sensitive and women can wo rk hard for professional success. Application Japan is highly masculine with a score of 95 whereas Sweden has the lowest measured value (5). According to Hofstedes analysis, if you were to open an office in Japan, you might have greater success if you constitute a male employee to lead the team and had a strong male contingent on the team. In Sweden, on the other hand, you would aim for a team that was balanced in ground of skill rather than gender.CharacteristicsTipsHigh MASMen are masculine and women are female.There is a well defined bank bill between mens work and womens work. Be aware that people may expect male and female roles to be distinct. Advise men to avoid discussing emotions or making emotionally-based decisions or arguments. Low MASA woman can do anything a man can do.Powerful and successful women are admired and respected.Avoid an old boys club mentality.Ensure job design and practices are not antiblack to either gender. Treat men and women equally.4. hesitancy /Avoidance Index (UAI) This relates to the degree of anxiety society members feel when in uncertain or unknown situations. High UAI-scoring nations try to avoid dubious situations whenever possible. They are governed by rules and order and they seek a collective truth. Low UAI scores indicate the society enjoys allegory events and values differences. There are very few rules and people are encouraged to discover their own truth. Application Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions imply that when discussing a project with people in Belgium, whose country scored a 94 on the UAI scale, you should investigate the various options and then present a limited number of choices, but have very detailed information functional on your contingency and risk plans. (Note that there will be cultural differences between French and Dutch speakers in Belgium)CharacteristicsTipsHigh UAIVery formal business conduct with lots of rules and policies. Need and expect structure.Sense of nervousness spurns high lev els of emotion and expression. Differences are avoided.Be clear and concise about your expectations and parameters. Plan and prepare, communicate often and early, provide detailed plans and focus onthe tactical aspects of a job or project. Express your emotions through hands gestures and raised voices. Low UAI wanton business attitude.More concern with long term strategy than what is happening on a effortless basis. Accepting of change and risk.Do not impose rules or structure unnecessarily.Minimize your emotional response by being calm and contemplating situations before speaking. Express curiosity when you discover differences.5. Long Term preference (LTO) This refers to how much society values long-standing as opposed to short term traditions and values. This is the fifth dimension that Hofstede added in the 1990s after finding that Asiatic countries with a strong link to Confucian philosophy acted differently from western cultures. In countries with a high LTO score, deli vering on social obligations and avoiding loss of face are considered very important.Application According to Hofstedes analysis, people in the United States and United demesne have low LTO scores. This suggests that you can pretty much expect anything in this culture in terms of creative expression and novel ideas. The model implies that people in the US and UK dont value tradition as much as many others, and are therefore likely to be willing to help you head for the hills the most innovative plans as long as they get to participate fully. (This may be surprise to people in the UK, with its associations of tradition)CharacteristicsTipsHigh LTOFamily is the basis of society.Parents and men have more authority than green people and women. Strong work ethic.High value placed on education and training.Show respect for traditions.Do not display extravagance or act frivolously.Reward perseverance, loyalty, and commitment.Avoid doing anything that would cause another to lose face. Low LTOPromotion of equality.High creativity, individualism.Treat others as you would like to be treated.Self-actualization is sought. search to live by the same standards and rules you create.Be respectful of others.Do not hesitate to introduce necessary changes.For a list of scores by dimension per country and more detailed information about Hofstedes research, visit his http//geert-hofstede.com/. You can also find out more about his research in the books http//www.amazon.com/ and http//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_66.htm NoteHofstedes analysis is done by country. While this is valid for many countries, it does not hold in the countries where there are strong subcultures that are based on ethnicity of origin or geography. In Canada, for instance, there is a distinct French Canadian culture that has quite a different set of norms compared to English-speaking Canada. And in Italy, masculinity scores would differ between North and South. Key PointsCultural norms play a large p art in the mechanics and interpersonal relationships at work.When you grow up in a culture you take your norms of behavior for granted. You dont have to think about your reactions, preferences, and feelings. When you step into a foreign culture, suddenly things seem different. You dont know what to do or say. Using Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions as a starting point, you can evaluate your approach, your decisions, and actions based on a general sense of how the society might think and react to you. Of course, no society is self-coloured and there will be deviations from the norms Hofstede found, however, with this as your guide you wont be going in blind. The unknown will be a little less intimidating and youll get a much-needed elevate of confidence and security from studying this cultural model. Apply This to Your LifeTake some time to recap the for the various cultural dimensions Hofstede identified. Pay particular forethought to the countries from which the people you deal wit h on a day-by-day basis come. In light of these scores, think about some interactions youve had with people in other countries. Does your conversation or association make more sense given this newly found insight? Challenge yourself to learn more about one culture in particular. If your work brings you in contact with people from another country, use that country as your point of reference.Apply Hofstedes scores to what you discover and determine the truth and relevance for you. The next time you are required to work with a person from a different culture, use Hofstedes scores and make notes about your approach, what you should be prepared to discuss, and why you feel the way you do. Afterward, evaluate your performance and do further research and preparation for the next time. Above all, make cultural sensitivity a daily part of your life. Learn to value the differences between people and vow to honor and respect the things that make each nation of people ludicrous.Question 4Whic h category does Malaysia falls into?Answer 4What about Malaysia?If we explore the Malayan culture through the lens of the 5-D Model, we can get a good overview of the deep drivers of Malayan culture relative to other world cultures. (http//predicate.wordpress.com)Power distanceThis dimension deals with the fact that all individuals in societies are not equal it expresses the attitude of the culture towards these inequalities amongst us. Power distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.Malaysia scores very high on this dimension (score of 104) which means that people accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place and which needs no further justification. pecking order in an organisation is seen as reflecting inherent inequalities, centralization is popular, subordinates expect to be told what to do and the ideal boss is a benevolent autocr at.Challenges to the leadership are not well-received.IndividualismThe fundamental issue do byed by this dimension is the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members. It has to do with whether peoples self-image is defined in terms of I or We. In Individualist societies people are supposed to look after themselves and their direct family only. In Collectivist societies people belong to in groups that take care of them in substitution for loyalty.Malaysia, with a score of 26 is a collectivisedic society. This is manifest in a close long-term commitment to the member group, be that a family, extended family or extended relationships. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount and overrides most other societal rules and regulations. Such a society fosters strong relationships, where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group. In collectivistic societies, offence leads to shame and loss of face. Employer/employee relationships are perceive d in deterrent example terms (like a family link), hiring and promotion take account of the employees in-group. Management is the management of groups.Masculinity / femininityA high score (masculine) on this dimension indicates that the society will be driven by competition, achievement and success, with success being defined by the winner / best in field a value system that starts in school and continues throughout organisational behaviour. A low score (feminine) on the dimension means that the dominant values in society are caring for others and quality of life. A feminine society is one where quality of life is the sign of success and standing out from the crowd is not admirable. The fundamental issue here is what motivates people, wanting to be the best (masculine) or liking what you do (feminine).At 50, Malaysia can be considered a masculine society highly success oriented and driven. In masculine countries, people live in order to work, managers are expected to be decisive , and the emphasis is on equity, competition and performance. Conflicts are resolved by fighting them out. Aclear example of this dimension is seen around election time, with ferocious, no-holds barred battles between candidates.Uncertainty avoidanceThe dimension Uncertainty Avoidance has to do with the way that a society deals with the fact that the future can never be known should we try to control the future or just let it happen? This ambiguity brings with it anxiety and different cultures have learnt to deal with this anxiety in different ways. The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these is reflected in the UAI score.Malaysia scores 36 on this dimension and thus has a low preference for avoiding uncertainty. Low UAI societies maintain a more relaxed attitude in which practice counts more than principles and deviance from the norm is more easily tolerated. In soc ieties exhibiting low UAI, people believe there should be no more rules than are necessary and if they are ambiguous or do not work, they should be abolished or changed. Schedules are flexible, hard work is undertaken when necessary but not for its own sake. Precision and punctuality do not come naturally, innovation is not seen as threatening. Long term orientationThe long term orientation dimension is closely related to the teachings of Confucius and can be interpreted as dealing with societys search for virtue, the extent to which a society shows a pragmatic sanction future-oriented perspective rather than a conventional historical short-term point of view. (http//predicate.wordpress.com, http//predicate.wordpress.com/about, http//predicate.wordpress.com/writers-notebook)No score available for Malaysia on this dimension.Geert Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions on MalaysiaMalaysiaFact File authorized name MalaysiaPopulation 23,522,482* (July 2004 est.)Official Language Bahasa Malay sia (also known as Bahasa Melayu and the Malay language). English, Chinese dialects, and Tamil are also widely spoken. silver Ringgit (MYR)Capital city Kuala LumpurGDP purchasing power parity $207.8 billion* (2004 est.)GDP Per Capita purchasing power parity $9,000* (2004 est.) overviewSince the beginning of its history, Malaysia has been a meeting place for a diverse range of external cultures and religions. As a result of these external influences, a new unified but distinguished Malay culture has emerged. Contemporary Malaysia represents a unique fusion of Malay, Chinese, and Indian traditions, creating a pluralistic and multicultural nation that has its character strongly rooted in social harmony, religion and pride in its ancestral background. With much(prenominal) a rich cultural heritage, acquiring the relevant skills and cultural knowledge in order to conduct business in Malaysia is crucial to your success.Following years of confrontation in search of independence, Mal aysia was established in phratry 1963 through the union of the Independent Federation of Malay, the former British colonies of Singapore and the East Malaysian States of Sabah and Sarawak. Over the last few decades the country has evolved from a successful producer of raw materials to a multisector economy. Today, Malaysia offers a unique blend of old traditional culture and new technological innovations. As the Malaysian market continues to develop and prosper, it is becoming increasingly valuable for those entering into business in Malaysia to be aware of the cultural dimensions that tempt the fabric of this countryCultureFace A vital element of Malaysian culture, as with most Asiatic cultures, is the concept of face. In Malaysian society to lose face, that is to lose control of ones emotions or to show embarrassment in public, is perceived as a negative display of behavior. Malaysians will use a number of methods in order to save face. Laughter, for instance, is often apply to mask ones true feelings and can reveal numerous emotions including nervousness, shyness or disapproval. Saving face is particularly crucial in business contexts as causing your Malaysian counterpart to lose face may influencethe outcome of your future business dealings.High context culture In high context cultures such(prenominal) as Malaysia meaning is often more explicit and less direct than in many western sandwich cultures. This means that words are less important and greater attention must be given to additional forms of communication such as voice tone, body language, eye-contact and facial expressions. In Malaysia, because business is personal and based on trust, developing relationships rather than exchanging facts and information is the main nonsubjective of communication. This also relates to the Malay cultural values of courtesy, tolerance, harmony and face. Direct answers, particularly negative ones, are avoided in order to prevent disagreement and preserve harmony two very important aspects of Malaysian culture.Fatalism Malaysian culture is centered on the diverse religious values of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam and as such relies heavily on the concept of fatalism. Fatalism is the belief that success, failures, opportunities and misfortunes result from fate or the will of God. In a business context, when formulating ideas and making decisions Malays, who are predominantly Muslim, will tend not to rely on empirical evidence or hard facts, but prefer to be guided by subjective feelings combined with the Islamic faith. Your Chinese and Indian colleagues will also take a similar approach since feelings and emotions play a substantive part in their business culture. Consequently, negotiations may take longer than expected and your Malaysian counterparts will view decision making in a more personal light.EconomyThe Malaysian economy slowed shrewdly in the first half of 2005, but the outlook for the year as a whole and over the medium-term rem ains broadly favorable. The slowdown in the pace of economic activity, which began in the third quarter of 2004, keep in 2005.1 Year-on-year growth was sustained at 5.8 pct in Q1 2005, (Q4 2004 5.8 percent) and declined to 4.1 percent in Q2 2005, below market expectations. As a result, real GDP growth declined to 4.9 percent in the first half of 2005. On a year-on-year basis, the decline in economic activity was affected by negative contributions from mining (-1.6 percent) and formulation (-2 percent), and a sharply lower positive contribution from manufacturing output (3.2 percent), and growth was driven mostly by the services sector (5.4 percent).On the expenditure side, the lower contribution to overall growth from external demand was partially offset by buoyant domestic help demand, which expanded by 5.8 percent, underpinned by continued strong growth in private consumption (8.7 percent) and gross fixed capital formation (4.5 percent). A retrieval in external demand for elect ronic and electrical (E&E) products is expected in the second half of 2005, and domestic demand will receive a further boost from the mild stimulus measures announced in the 2006 Budget.2 Thus, medium-term prospects remain broadly positive, with the economy expected to grow by 5 percent in 2005, 5_-.5_ percent in 2006, and 5_-6 percent through 2008.Political SystemThe different states of the Federation of Malaysia became independent from the United Kingdom and Singapore at different times the 11 Malay peninsular states in 1957 and the Borneo states of Sabah and Sarawak in 1963. The predominantly Chinese island-city of Singapore split off from Malaysia in 1965. Malaysia is an independent member of the Commonwealth. The supreme head of state or king, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, is pick out every five years by the nine hereditary Malay rulers of Western Malaysia. At election time, each state ruler is asked whether or not he wishes to run for the kingship.If there is only one candidate, he becomes king if he receives at least five affirmative votes from the other rulers otherwise, a new candidate is sought. When there is more than one candidate, the ballots are taken in the order of a rotation system. The ruler of the last of the nine states to be represented in the kingship since independence, Sultan Azlan Shah, was elected in March 1989. As in most parliamentary systems, political power resides in the cabinet, headed by the prime minister.The king appoints the cabinet from the 177-member House of Representatives, or Dewan Rakyat, whose representatives are elected by universal great(p) suffrage every five years. The other half of the Malaysian bicameral legislature is the 69-member Senate, or Dewan Negara, comprising two members elected by the legislatures of each of the states, and the remaining 43 senators appointed by the king, all for six-year terms. Political parties have mainly been formed along ethnic and religious divisions. Since independence, the Malay sian government has been controlled by a racial coalition of political parties called the National Front, or Barisan Nasional, of which Prime Minister Mahathirs party, the United Malays National physical composition (UNMO), is the largest partner.Trade SystemMalaysia experiences a rapid growth and its remarkably quick and strong recovery from the 1997 Asiatic financial crisis. Members of the trade policy review body attributed this impressive economic performance to sound macroeconomic policies, structural reforms, especially in the corporate and financial sectors, and fast growth in exports.Some Members wondered about the timing and long suit of Malaysias capital and exchange control measures implemented in the wake of the Asian crisis and the pegging of the ringitt to the U.S. dollar, measures that Malaysia saw as appropriate for stabilizing markets and building confidence. Members evince the want that temporary rest measures introduced during the review period would be mad e permanent. Members also sought Malaysias views on the need to vary its exports, nearly half of which involve electronics. Members commended Malaysia for its strong support for and commitment to the multi subsequental trading system, and expressed their hope that it would actively participate in the Doha Development Agenda.As regards Malaysias pursuit of trade easiness in regional fora, particularly ASEAN, some Members illustrious that the gap between MFN and preferential tax grade applied to imports from ASEAN countries constituted a potential source of trade diversion, although Malaysia did not believe that this has actually happened. Members expressed their appreciation of Malaysias relative openness to trade and foreign direct investment and its continued relaxation behavior efforts in these areas. In particular, Members commended Malaysia for its efforts to reduce tariffs, simplify the tariff structure, and abolish all local-content requirements (except those for the aut omotive sector).At the same time, concerns were raised over the fact that about one-third of Malaysias tariff lines were unbound and the widening gap between bound rates and applied MFN rates, which had permitted Malaysia to increase tariff protection for certain products, thereby fostering the simple average of MFN tariffs during the review period. Malaysia noted that this widening gap between bound and applied MFN tariff rates was the consequence of unilateral tariff reductions and that the import-weighted tariff average had declined some other Members felt that such a gap provided developing nations with a degree of flexibility in undertaking trade liberalization and other economic reforms. Members also urged Malaysia to reduce the scope of its non-automatic licensing system. It was noted that state-owned enterprises continued to play an important role in Malaysias economy and that the authorities might need measures to assure a pro-competitive climate in the sectors where such enterprises were prevalent.Some Members encouraged Malaysia to accede to the Agreement on Government Procurement. On sectoral issues, Members noted the contrast between the openness and economic performance of the electronics and automotive industries the much more open electronics industry had performed much better than the automotive industry, which was protected by high tariffs and non-tariff measures, including import licensing. Members urged Malaysia to bring forward the abolition of local-content requirements for motor vehicles. Moreover, Members encouraged Malaysia to continue its liberalization of the services sector, particularly financial services and telecommunications. In addition, Members also sought further clarification on, inter alia the possibility of an ASEAN China free trade agreement effectiveness of investment guarantee agreementsgreater use of ad valorem import dutiesmeasures affecting exportsfurther progress in competition policytransparency in government pr ocurementenforcement of intellectual property rightsstandards and licensing concerning various outlandish products and recognition of qualifications in education and legal services. Members expressed their appreciation of the responses provided by the delegation of Malaysia during the meeting, and looked forward to later replies to some questions. In conclusion, this Review has provided Members with a much better understanding of Malaysias trade and trade-related policies and of their role in fostering Malaysias economic development and helping it to cope with shocks, such as the Asian financial crisis.Malaysias recovery has apparently been greatly facilitated by Members adherence to the principles of the multilateral trading system and thus their willingness to keep their economies open to Malaysias exports. Members encouraged Malaysia to further liberalize and diversify its economy. In this context, I, along with Members, look forward to Malaysias continued support for future eff orts to liberalize the multilateral trading system. licit SystemThe legal system of Malaysia was modeled after the English legal system which practices parliamentary commonwealth and is ruled by a Constitutional Monarchy, with His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (the King) ceremonially as the Head of the country. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected by the Conference of Rulers for a five-year term from amongst the hereditary Rulers of the nine states in the Federation which are ruled by Sultans. The states are Perlis, Kedah, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Johor, Pahang, Terengganu and Kelantan.In the other states, namely Melaka, Pulau Pinang, Sabah and Sarawak, the Head of State is the Yang di-Pertua Negeri or Governor of the State. The Yang di-Pertua Negeri is appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for a four-year term. The Federal Constitution of Malaysia clearly divides the law-making authority of the Federation into its legislative authority, judicial authority and executi ve authority. The separation of power also occurs both at federal and state levels. The federal laws enacted by the federal assembly or better known as the Parliament of Malaysia applies throughout the country. There are also state laws governing local governments and Islamic law enacted by the state legislative assembly which applies in the particular state.Malaysian Business Culture functional practices in MalaysiaWhen scheduling business meetings in Malaysia one must take into consideration the importance of prayer times in this predominantly Muslim country. Fridays are a particularly religious day of the week and if possible meetings should not be scheduled for this time. pose to punctuality varies according to which nationality you are doing businesswith. The Chinese for example expect punctuality, whereas both ethnic Malays and Indian business people have a more relaxed attitude towards time. As a general rule, you will be expected to be punctual therefore it is advised to a rrive to business appointments on time. If your business in Malaysia requires interaction with Malaysian government officials, ensure that all communication takes place in the language of Bahasa Malaysia. The majority of transactions and correspondence with Malaysian companies however, will generally be conducted in English.Structure and Hierarchy in Malaysian Companies.Regardless of the size or nature of the company, hierarchy is an integral part of Malaysian business culture. Malaysian companies generally follow a vertical hierarchical structure where authority is say from the top. In keeping with Malaysian culture, titles and job descriptions play a significant part in many Malaysian companies. They are important for employees in order to emphasize the line of authority within the business.Working Relationships in MalaysiaMalaysians respect for authority is evident in most business dealings. The relationship between subordinates and their superiors for example is distinct and hi ghly official. Malaysians do not address their bosses by their first name, but use titles such as Mr and Madam followed by their honorific form of address. Relationships between Malaysian business colleagues are based on mutual respect and, as such, the same procedure used when addressing their superiors is also applied with their Malaysian business colleagues. Malaysia Business Part 2 Doing Business in MalaysiaBusiness Practices in MalaysiaWhen meeting your Malaysian counterparts for the first time, a firm handshake is the standard form of greeting. However, you should only shake hands with a Malaysian businesswoman if she initiates the gesture. Otherwise a nod or a single bow is appropriate. With such an set about of cultures in Malaysia addressing Malaysians properly can be difficult. It is advised to find out in advance how you should address the person you are to meet. Generally speaking, a Malays first name is individually given, while the second andthird name indicate those of the father and the grandfather. In some cases the words bin (son) or binti (daughter) can be added after the given name.Gifts are not usually exchanged as they may be perceived as a bribe. However, in the event that you are presented with a gift, it is customary to accept it with both hands and wait until you have left your Malaysian colleagues before opening it. Be sure to reciprocate with a gift of equal value in order to avoid loss of face.Business cards are customarily exchanged after an initial introduction in Malaysia. Since a large proportion of Malaysian business people are Chinese, it will be useful if your card is printed in both English and Chinese and that details of your education, professional qualifications, and business title are included. Cards should be presented and received with both hands, and time should always be spent examining the information before placing it on the table or in a briefcase.Malaysian Business Etiquette (Dos and Donts)_ DO be patient with your Malaysian counterparts during business negotiations. The process is often a long and detailed one that should not be hastened. _ DO remain polite and demonstrate good etiquette at all times. Elderly Malaysian business people for example should be treated with respect and always acknowledged before younger members of the organization. This is an necessary part of achieving successful business dealings in Malaysia. _ DO take time to establish productive business relationships with your Malaysian colleagues. Initial meetings are generally orientated towards developing such relationships and will be maintained throughout and beyond the negotiations.Without them, your business plans may be fruitless. X DONT assume that a signed contract signifies a final agreement. It is common for negotiations to continue after a contract has been signed. X DONT be surprised if your Malaysian counterparts ask what you may consider to be personal questions. In Malaysia, asking people about their w eight, income and marital status for example, is not uncommon and is viewed as an acceptable approach to initial conversations. X DONT enter into businesswith a Malaysian company without a letter of introduction from a bank or mutual acquaintance. This will help your request for a future meeting, as Malaysians prefer to conduct business with those they are familiar with.Geert Hofstede Cultural DimensionsThere is a high correlation between the Muslim religion and the Hofstede Dimensions of Power Distance (PDI) and Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) scores. The combination of these two high scores (UAI) and (PDI) create societies that are highly rule-oriented with laws, rules, regulations, and controls in order to reduce the amount of uncertainty, while inequalities of power and wealth have been allowed to grow within the society. These cultures are more likely to follow a caste system that does not allow significant upward mobility of its citizens. When these two Dimensions are combined, it creates a situation where leaders have virtually ultimate power and authority, and the rules, laws and regulations developed by those in power, reinforce their own leadership and control. It is not unusual for new leadership to arise from arm insurrection the ultimate power, rather than from diplomatic or democratic change.Analysis Using Hofstedes Cultural DimensionsPower Distance Index (PDI), High Suggests that the degree to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unevenly. This represents high inequality. It implies that a societys level of inequality is allowed by the followers as much as by the leaders. Individualism (IDV), Low Collectivism, that is the degree to which individuals are inte-grated into groups. Given that the IDV tycoon of Malaysia is low, it is implied that collectivism is more manifested than individualism in its culture. On the individualist side we find societies in wh ich the ties between individuals are loose everyone is expected to look after him/herself and his/her immediate family. On the collectivist side, we find societies in which people from fork up onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and grandparents) which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. The word collectivism in this sense has no political meaning it refers to thegroup, not to the state.Masculinity (MAS), Average There is no eminent distinction of how roles are distributed in Malaysia as according to gender. The index shows moderately-low to average in terms of masculinity. The gap between the two gender roles is not that great which may signify equality between the roles.Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), Moderately-Low Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to reduce the chance of such situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the philosophical and religious le vel by a belief in absolute Truth. Malaysia exhibits a moderately-low index, which suggests that the society has a tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. The society might be relatively comfortable in unstructured situations which are novel, unknown, surprising, and different from usual.REFERENCEShttp//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_66.htmhttp//geert-hofstede.com/dimensions.htmlhttp//youcouldbelievethis.blogspot.sg/2010/02/geert-hofstedes-cultural-dimensions.htmlhttp//www.hraljournal.com/ page/18%20Lieh-Ching%20Chang.pdfhttp//weissnegotiation.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Negotiating-with-Fgn-Busi_persons.pdfhttp//2vancouver.com/en/articles/cultural-differences-between-canada-japanhttp//www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Cultural-Differences-Between-Japan-And-Canada/66039http//www.intercultures.ca/cil-cai/ci-ic-eng.asp?iso=jp