Evidence-Based Practice Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evidence-Based Practice - Dissertation Example 1. PICOT Question: Does the obese African American (black) sixteen-year-old girl patient undergoing mastectomy and weight loss after surgery have a better chance of losing it that would result to the cancer not spreading to other parts after mastectomy if doctors assist her in losing weight compared if they do not intervene? 2. Intervention Question: In obese African American (black) teenage patients with breast cancer (P), how effective is weight loss after mastectomy compared to mastectomy without any weight loss (C) in minimizing the chances of the cancer spreading to other body parts after treatment (O) during and after the recovery and weight loss period? 3. Therapy Question: How long does it take a patient to lose weight (O) when the patient is an obese African American (black) teenage girl with breast cancer (P) whose doctor assists her in losing weight (I) as opposed to the patient whose doctor does not assist her in losing weight (C) after the six weeks recovery period (T)? 4. Etiology Question: Are obese African American (black) teenage girls (P) whose doctors assist in weight loss (I) lose weight faster and reduce chances of the cancer spreading to other body parts (O) compared with obese African American (black) teenage girls (P) whose doctors do not assist in weight loss (C) after the six weeks recovery period (T)? 5. Diagnostic Question: Is doctors assisting their patients lose weight after mastectomy (I), for obese African American (black) teenage girls (P) a better way of avoiding the cancer from spreading to other body parts (O) compared with doctors who do not help their patients lose weight (C)? 6. Prevention Question: In obese African American (black) teenage girls with breast cancer (P) what is the probability of the cancer spreading to other body parts after the mastectomy (O) when the doctor assists in the weight loss (I) and when the doctors do not assist in the weight loss (C) after the recovery period (T)?

Containing and eradicating a pandemic Coursework

Containing and eradicating a pandemic - Coursework Example Yee et al. (2009) identify sixteen HA and nine NA subtypes. Low pathogenic AIVs cause respiratory diseases and low mortality in birds. High pathogenic viruses cause systematic disease that lead in turkeys and chickens. The origin of AIV began in 1990s in Hong Kong and recently spread beyond Asia, Europe, and Africa. Researchers were able to isolate some sick birds in Guangdong Province in China in 1996. In 1997, a boy from Hong Kong was infected with H5N1. He later succumbed to respiratory failure. At the end of 1997, the death toll of H5N1 victims in Hong Kong claimed 18 human lives and all live birds market. Researchers associate the death of H5N1 victims to the infected birds since upon the closure and depopulation of LBMs, human death ceased. The early epidemic investigations associate human cases and the exposure of LBM system in Hong Kong. The HA from human cases and subsequent H5N1 outbreaks in Asia genetically relate to the issue of birds in Guangdong. The lineage of the 2003-2006 H5N1 epidemic roots genetically from isolates in 1997. H5N1 HPAI continues to spread across Asian countries such as China, Vietnam, and Hong Kong in domestic and wild birds. Human cases H5N1 resurfaces in Vietna m in 2003 that began another epidemic in Southeast Asia with sporadic cases in Europe, Africa, and Middle East. Currently, there is a global concern on the possibility of a outbreak of AVI influenza isolated human case HPAIV H5N1 continue in several Asian countries, and this could mutate to a form spreading rapidly to humans. Most of the human cases have a history of very close contact with infected poultry .inhalation of infectious droplets is the most common route of infection as Since October 2003, there has been 60percent case-fatality rate with most of the documented cases human cases dying (Lenes et al. 2010). In addition to humans, birds, fowls, and poultry died from

How Socio-Economic Classes Contributed to Events in 1800 Europe Essay Example for Free

How Socio-Economic Classes Contributed to Events in 1800 Europe Essay Described as â€Å"the divine distribution of men into different ranks, and at the same time uniting them into one society† (Gladstone, 1896), the socio-economic class order formed the structure and foundation of society in Europe. Consisting of three distinct entities and with a strong correspondence between economic prosperity and social standing, it would also serve as the backdrop for which historical phenomena would occur. Europe’s social order was not just the environment in which these events would materialize, but also a fundamental causal factor in three notable events; The French Revolution (1789-1799), The French Revolution of 1848 and Britain’s Industrial Revolution (1750 onwards). However, the origins of these events were also contingent upon other circumstantial factors. The roots of the first French revolution, arguably, are in The Enlightenment; the period of the philosophers. New philosophies advocating human rationality came to form by the mid 1700’s and were propelled into popular thought after the isolated, and highly charged, Jean Callas incident . Philosophers like Voltaire found the perfect vehicle in this incident to question the arbitrary use of power so prevalent in French society. The monarchy and the presence of the Social Order soon came into question. Across Europe, cafes sprung out to host discussion centered on the common theme of reason. Society cleaved toward enlightened ideas of rationality, equality and liberalism, leading to the growing questioning of the existing monarchial power structure. Alternative political ideologies for the state, from personalities like Rousseau and Locke, sprouted and undermined the legitimacy of the monarchy. While The Enlightenment is responsible for creating pressure from society against the monarchy, these ideas would have been impotent without suitable ground. The socio-economic categorizing of European society is a more fundamental cause of the first French Revolution because it provided this ground. The rigidity of the social order in late 17th century France accounts for the origins of the first French revolution. In theory, the social divisions were permeable and promoted mobility (Roberts, 1997). Across Europe, titles and estates could be purchased and so also, the privilege of the nobility. However the reality was often different. In light of booming trade, the demand for titles from the French bourgeoisie and returning nobility outstripped the number permitted by the social order . Furthermore, while the bourgeoisie enjoyed increasing economic power and could live equally, if not exceedingly, extravagant lives as the nobility, the social order shut this community out from the benefits of social privilege . This was exacerbated by the nobility’s stress on privilege in response to the new Bourgeois economic threat. The system’s disregard of merit in place of hereditary, and the fundamentally irrational social construct sowed discontentment within the second and third estate, where the ideals of enlightenment; rationality and equality, would find willing subscribers. Riding on the resentment toward society’s order and fuelled by The Enlightenment’s ideas did the French Revolution tear its way through to the Bastille. While the first French revolution was understandably a social battle, one could argue that the revolution of 1848 was born out of opposition to economic factors than on society’s social construct. The time leading up to 1848 was a time of gradual industrialization for France. Its products; rapid urbanization and changes in economic practices, broke familiar social patterns of the working class. For instance, the commercial system was rewritten by doing away with the cottage industry and previously public lands, privatized. Added to this, a burgeoning population, severe industrial and agricultural depressions in 1846 and Louis-Phillipe’s inaction in alleviating rural and urban poverty culminated to create great peasant discontent. The economic change that accompanied its deterioration galvanized the working class, triggering the third French revolution in 1848; aptly, also known as a Worker’s Revolution. However, it is artificial to separate economics from social class since there is a correspondence between social hierarchy and wealth. They are, after all, aptly named â€Å"socio-economic† classes. In analyzing yet another French revolution, an important observation to make is the persistence of Europe’s social order. Though the 1830 revolution delivered another great blow to the old social order (Magraw, 1987), and promised equality in opportunity and economic liberalism manifest in the abolishment of seigneurial practices for all, much had remained the same. Succinctly captured by Cobban’s argument that ‘it [did] not matter whether we [called] it aristocracy or bourgeoisie† , the cleaving of the aristocracy and bourgeoisie shows an adaption, not an eradication of the social order. The aristocracy kept to their ranks by continuing their distinctive politics and marriage practices (Magraw, 1987). Since most engaged with capitalism, they were mostly able to maintain their privileged lifestyle and control of much of the land . The Bourgeoisie continued to thrive, especially under the â€Å"Bourgeois King† and even went as far as to convert their wealth into land ownership. This neo-feudalism masquerading as the product of laissez faire economic practices, and the continuation of aristocratic dominance came at the expense of the working class. Thus did the working class continue in their economically disadvantaged positions. Their economic dependence on the old order’s aristocracy, had merely been replaced with a dependence on remnants of the same old order and a new Bourgeois one. The social order is a more fundamental account for the workers revolution, since it was responsible for creating the economic grievances of the working class which became the fuel for the 1848 revolution. The European social order again features as a causal factor in Britain’s Industrial Revolution. It is the very hierarchical nature of the class system that functioned as the engine for the Industrial Revolution. The industrial entrepreneurs of Britain, the main thrust for the innovation that characterized the revolution, took hold of Britain’s mineral resource advantage to affect rapid development. The motivations behind entrepreneurship are traced back to the make-up of society. Since social privilege was linked with economic wealth, successful merchants strived to purchase titles and convert their wealth into social status (Briggs, 1979). In this way, the extravagance of noble life, held in high regard, could be emulated. However, it is admittedly reductionistic to exclusively use the quest for noblehood to account for an entire revolution. Coupled with the desire for social advancement were also ideas from The Enlightenment and The Scientific Revolution; laissez faire economic practices and technological advancement respectively. Society as a whole was geared toward revolutionary development, equipped with the necessary ideology and possessing the necessary scientific capability. Nonetheless, the power of science and the power of thought would have remained a means without an end if not for the existence of Europe’s social class as the motivation to individuals for conomic advancement. Furthermore, the narrow elite which feature in Europe’s social order meant that there was a prolific number from the working class available for cheap employment and indeed, were the working class called upon for this. By 1850, more than 50% of the population were living in towns and city to work in factories and city-bound industries. The abundance of cheap labor comes from the old social order’s narrow top and wide base, and it sustained and accelerated industrialization to revolutionary measures. Thus, we trace back the origins of the Industrial revolution to socio-economic classes. Social hierarchical ascension was the motivation, and the demographic make-up, the sustenance. Evidently, the causality of the three historical events covered is not monolithic. Though the contributing factors are layered and many, the role of socio-economic class is central. Its rigid, persistent and hierarchical institution shaped the motivations of humanity and in doing so, account for the origins of major events in History.

E Commerce And The Importance Of Encryption Computer Science Essay

E Commerce And The Importance Of Encryption Computer Science Essay Web-commerce has grown into one of the fastest-growing area of industry in the past two years. Billions of dollars have passed hands in the process and each entrepreneur wants a slice of the dough. To make this possible, data encryption plays a very central role in ensuring customers that paying for anything online is secure. E-commerce relies on encryption to secure data transmission by controlling data access and protect information on the internet and in the end improve consumer confidence. Encryption is the encoding of data using an algorithm such that it is incomprehensible to anyone in the event that the data transmission is intercepted, unless the key is known to enable file decryption. By implementing encryption, integrity is maintained while digital authentication is enforced, thus, allowing both customers and sellers to verify the identity of the other party, a concept fundamental to secure online credit card transactions. The reliability of an e-commerce website may be negatively impacted if theft of customer information occurs, especially risky since 90% of all online payments are dealt by credit cards. 4. Important of Encryption Cryptography is a method of mathematically encoding used to transform messages in to an unreadable format in an effort to maintain confidentiality of data. Cryptography comprises a family of technologies that include the following: Encryption transforms data into some unreadable form to ensure privacy. Decryption is reverse of encryption; it transforms encrypted data back into original, intelligible form. Authentication identifies an entity such as an individual, a machine on the network or an organization. Digital signatures blind a document to the possessor of a particular key and are the digital equivalent of paper signatures. Signature verification is the inverse of a digital signature; it verifies that a particular signature is valid. Application In order to enable secure online transaction, data encryption plays four important functions: Digital authentication which allows both the customers and the merchant to be sure that they are dealing with whom, the other party claims to be. These is absolutely necessary before sending credit card details to the seller and also allow sellers to verify that the customer is the real owner of the credit card being used. Integrity ensures that the messages received re not changed during transmission by any third party. Non-repudiation prevents customers or merchants denying they ever received or sent a particular message or order. In the event that information is intercepted, encryption ensures privacy that prevents third parties from reading and or using the information to their own advantage. Two methods of encryption network traffic on the web are SSL and S-HTTP. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and its successor Transport Layer security (TLS) enable client and server computers to manage encryption and decryption activities as they communicate with each other during a secure web session. Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP) is another protocol used for encrypting data flowing over the internet, but it is limited to individual messages, whereas SSL and TLS are designed to establish a secure connection between two computers. The capability to generate secure sessions is built into Internet client browser software and servers, and occurs automatically with little user intervention. The client and the server negotiate what key and what level of security to use. Once a secure session is established between the client and the server, all messages in that session are encrypted. There are two alternative methods of encryption: symmetric key encryption and public key encryption. In symmetric key encryption, the sender and the receiver establish a secure Internet session by creating a single encryption key and sending it to the receiver so both the sender and receiver share the same key. The strength of the encryption key is measured by its nit length. Today a typical key will be 128 bits long (a string of 128 binary digits). The problem with all symmetric encryption schemes is that the key itself must be shared somehow among the senders and receivers, which exposes the key to outsiders who might just be able to intercept and decrypt the key, A more secure form of encryption called public key encryption uses two keys: one shared (or public) and one totally private, as shown in Figure. The keys are mathematically related so that data encrypted with one key can be decrypted using only the other key. To send and receive messages, communicators first create separate pairs of private and public keys. The public key is kept in a directory and the private key must be kept secret. The sender encrypts a message with the recipientà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s public key. On receiving the message the recipient uses his or her private key to decrypt it. Digital signatures and digital certificates further help with authentication. Benefits/Advantages Most corporations implement multiple forms of security by using hardware solutions such as routers and firewalls. These devices protect essential data by keeping external threats out of the network. Unfortunately, burglars will employ numerous attacks, specifically targeted at your information. When attackers find a way to enter your first line of defense, data encryption steps up and helps to ensure that your secrets cant be viewed. Encryption has changed significantly over the years, going from a military solution to widespread public use. Whether its hardware or software-based, this method is fast, easy to use and most important, secure. Here some of the key benefits this solution offers: Power: The best in data encryption is based on global standards, able to mitigate potential corruption without flaw. Many solutions are large enough to ensure that an entire organization is in full compliance with security policies. Data encryption allows a corporation to achieve military-level security with easy and affordable solutions. Flexibility: Data encryption can protect your sensitive information whether its stored on a desktop or laptop computer, a PDA, removable storage media, an email server or even the corporate network. This allows you to securely access important data from the office, on the road or at home. If the device is lost or stolen, the information will be protected by the data encryption mechanism. Transparency: It wouldnt be a good idea to employ any security measure that negatively impacts your business. An efficient data encryption solution enables your business to flow at a normal pace, silently securing crucial data in the background. Some of the best options are those running effectively without the user even being aware. There are many benefits of data encryption as this solution provides solid protection in the event of a security breach. Not only does it offer peace of mind, it also frees up resources normally used by your perimeter defenses. Every security measure you set in place is important yet inefficient if confidential data itself is not protected. Limitations Encryption is often oversold as the solution to all security problems or to threats that it does not address. Unfortunately, encryption offers no such protection. Encryption does nothing to protect against many common methods of attack including those that exploit bad default settings or vulnerabilities in network protocols or software even encryption software. In general, methods other than encryption are needed to keep out intruders. Secure Computing Corporations Sidewinder system defuses the forty-two bombs (security vulnerabilities) in Cheswick and Bellovins book, Firewalls and Network Security (Addison Wesley, 1994), without making use of any encryption. Conclusion

Ethical Issues in Globalization and International Marketing.

Ethical Issues in Globalization and International Marketing. ABSTRACT: The globalization of markets and increase in the productivity made several marketers and business persons to concentrate more on the ethical issues in cross-cultural settings. This article is mainly intended for ethical analysis and making decisions over the international marketing scenario. This paper provides few guidelines which may serve marketers in the area of marketing ethics. It is also used to assist out the marketers to behave in an ethical fashionable way. The local marketing conditions may differ out along from place to place, but some global marketing ethical principles should be applicable to all markets along the world. This Paper suggests creating a standard uniform code of ethics that will provide a solution to the problem of diversification in different cultures by implementing strategies in international marketing. Keywords: Globalization, International Marketing, Ethical principles. INTRODUCTION: Globalization and international marketing ethical issues are allied with one another. Steady increase in globalization lead to few problems which include ethics. From 1950 to 2000, world trade expanded almost 20-fold, far outstripping world output, which grew by six and a half times (WTO, 2001). Globalization refers to the process in which different cultures, societies and economies throughout the world will be connected and integrated through by a global network of transportation, communication, trade and business. This term is sometimes referred to as a economic globalization where several economies of the nations are combined through by a foreign investments, trade, capitalization, migration and many other factors. And it may be referred through by various other related terms. Increase in the globalization may result in many problems including ethical ones as both are related through in one way or the other. From past four decades the global trade increased by seven times where im ports, exports, trade and foreign investments played a major role in its increasing extent and surveillance. Even the cross border investments of small and medium ranging businesses are also increased almost five to six times in its productivity, yearly outflow and development along from the past 25 years and this meant that different persons are working along different geographical, social and marketing boundaries along worldwide. This shows out alternatively the related problems along with the change of different environments including ethical problems, financial and marketing personnel problems along locally and globally. If this trend continues the prophesies about globalization by Levitt will become reality in 2020. (Recep YÃ ¼cel, 2009) To manage out this trend fairly and situational there is a need to create universal ethical principles and norms. Theoretical Framework: Globalization: 2.1.1 History: According to Friedman (1999), globalization is:The inexorable integration of markets, nation States and technologies to a degree never witnessed before. Globalization is a term which was proposed and under veining its extent and development from thousands of years. But it significantly accelerated from 1980Â ´s after the demolishment of USSR. The word globalization is first employed in oxford dictionary in 1930. In considering the history of globalization, some authors focus on events since the discovery of the America in 1492, but most scholars and theorists concentrate on the much more recent past (www.globalpolicy.org).It was not until 1960Â ´s the term is widely used by economists and other social scientists. Since from its evolution the term is inspired to numerous and conceptive wordings and definitions dating back across the movements of different trading and cultural perceptive. United Nations termed the word globalization has many meanings and ways to define. According to it when using the term globalization in economical context it may refers to the one which cuts out the boundaries or barriers in between different nation s and establish out the smooth and efficient way for their trading and exchange which may include capitals, services, labor etc. Tom.J.Palmer described globalization as The diminution or elimination of state- enforced restrictions on exchanges across the borders and the increasingly integrated and complex global system of production and exchange that has emerged as a result. Roughly economic globalization is world trade and financial marketing integrated together. Globalization in other terms may refer as the process of forming global institutions. The global institutions are those which may be operated as that considering the entire world as single place. They may be distinguished from others in various terms such as in functioning at regional, national and international where each level may represent a different scope and set of social relationships. 2.1.2 Dimensions of Globalization: Globalization is the term which may be represented in various dimensions and it related to almost every fields of daily life. It differs from profession to profession i.e. for example it differs from some marketing staff to an engineer. Dimensions for globalization are as follows: (www.globalpolicy.org) Economics-Related to globalization in trading, finance, money, corporations and banking. Political-Related to science, governance, wars, peace, IGOS, NGOS, regimes. Sociology-Related to communities, conflicts, classes, nations, agreements. Psychology-Related to individuals as subjects and objects to global action. Anthropology-Related to overlapping of cultures, adapting, clashing, merging. Communications- Related by considering information as knowledge and tools-internet. Geography- Everything provided it can be anchored to as space. We do not consider globalization as some purely economical, industrial or some financial term which may relate or revolve through problems like free trade or some expanding role of financial and industrial markets. We consider globalization as a multi dimensional term and in fact it is a spectrum of four processes. Building the global economy Formation of world opinion Democratization, or the creation of a global economy The emergence of global political institutions. Building the global economy is the process where when once got up in the longer run its evolution related to international and interregional trade is primarily a function not of actual and growing gnp but will potential for structural change. The rapid emergence of global financial markets over the past two decades and they particularly effect the foreign exchange field and other forms of international investment will lead to reduce the influence of even major governments on their economy and in global economies and might loosen out the links between economic and political power has been broken out. According to Kongar, globalization has three dimensions. These are political, economic, and cultural aspects of globalism (www.kongar.org). Formation of the world opinion is the process where the working of the world system and all its conditions and actions of the participants are oriented to a common set of problems coming out from responsive to common aspirations and emerging out from world-wide problems. It is a process of social construction which contains both the reality and the values. Reality helps us to make sense of the world and values help us to keep priorities which we can accept some and to reject parallel. Democratization is the process in which one can define in narrow and the broadest terms. In broader term one may be defined it as a learning process in which humans can try to learn itself in the condition of `equality under law`. Similarly in narrower context we can define it more precisely as accumulation of conditions necessary for possible emergence of a global community, community of democracies and a global level association of a democratic character. Global Institutions: The emergence of global institutions is the process which shows up to what extent the global institutions will sort out the effect of globalization. When comes to globalization in international business it splits out to two faces one in markets and the other in production. The globalization of marketing side is the one in which merging of historically distinct markets in order to convert it into a huge global market and globalization of production refers to the merging of goods and services from although the world to take advantages in several national conditions like the difference in cost and quality factors etc. As markets globalize and increasing in cost factor and productivity, several globalized institutions are formed to manage out the matters related to this such as to manage, regulate the policies and to form several multinational treaties to govern the globalized business system. From past 55 years more number of global institutions has evolved to perform these tasks they are, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO); the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its twin sister, the World Bank and the United Nations (UN). All these institutions were created by voluntary agreement between individual nation-states, and their functions are enshrined in international treaties. (Hill, ibid: 9) All the above institutions play a major role in developing international business ethical rules and regulations. World Trade Organization is mainly responsible to guide and focus on all the countries who signed the treaty. Till date W.T.O has mo re than 145 nations and its purpose is to develop multinational agreements between the country member states. (www.imf.org). Global Business Strategies: Theodore Levitt (1983: 92-102) has argued that, due to the advent of modern communications and transport technologies, consumer tastes and preferences are becoming global, which is creating global markets for standardized consumer products. Local companies deal with overseas business investment and trade, managers must identify that managing international business vary from managing local business. We can observe that each country is unique, in culture, laws, legal systems, political factors and economy of country. Despite widespread globalization, still there are many big and enduring differences between the countries (Hill, ibid:. 19-37). Marketing strategies change from country to country as there is difference in culture and other factors. If we assume marketing strategy used in India may not be applied in Sweden and the strategy implemented in Sweden is not implemented in USA because of difference in various factors among countries for instance if we consider advertising in Germany it is illegal to use comparative advertising (Cateora Graham,2005: 483). Kuwait government controlled TV network to allows only 32 minutes of advertising per day in the evening (Sunil Erevelles and his colleagues,2002). According to Barlett and Ghoshal (1989), firms can use four strategies an international strategy, a multi-domestic strategy, a global strategy and a transnational strategy. Company use international strategy focus on transferring skills and its products transformed from different overseas market and give less importance to local markets. Organizations implements multi domestic strategy alters their marketing and business strategy to local or domestic conditions. Companies implement global strategy focus on acquire cost reductions produced from experience curve effects and local economy. Company implement transnational strategy involves a parallel focus on declining of costs, transferring skills and products. Ethical Problems in International Marketing: Research in Marketing Ethics is defined as the systematic study of how moralstandards are applied to marketing decisions, behaviors and institutions (Laczniak andMurphy 1993). 2.2.1 History of Ethics: Ethics is related to the field of philosophy concerned with morals and values. Ethics is divided into five branches: Meta ethics, Political ethics, normative ethics, virtue ethics and practical philosophy. Meta-Ethics: It focuses more on the grounds used to justify moral judgment than moral creating moral judgment. This ethics is just descriptive. Political-Ethics: It is concerned more on testing good society and the origins of political power such as government. Normative-Ethics: It is related to the developing theories which decide the actions done by human are right or wrong. Deontological ethics, utilitarian ethics and virtue ethics are all normative. Practical-Ethics: This ethics uses ethical principles and theories in practical environment such as, medical ethics, business ethics etc.

Mother Daughter Relationships - Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club :: Joy Luck Club Essays

Mothers and Daughters in The Joy Luck Club Although mothers and daughters are genetically related, sometimes they seem like complete strangers. When immigrants raise their children in America, there is a great concern for these parents that American culture will negatively affect their children. In the novel, The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, four mothers try to instill their Asian culture into their daughters' lifestyle; however, these daughters rebel against them, due to their desire to assimilate themselves into American culture. Early in the novel, the Joy Luck Club members discuss the different types of mah jong; it is then that Jing Mei realizes how oppositely she and her mother spoke to one another. While these women are explaining the differences in Chinese and Jewish mah jong, Jing Mei plays back the conversations that she and her mother used to have regarding the same topic. During their talks, her mother indirectly attempted to have her daughter keep her Asian culture a part of her daily lifestyle. One way was through Suayan's snappish tone, used when describing the lesser style, Jewish mah jong, with no logical explanation. Jing Mei assumed that this negativity was simply because of its ethnicity being unlike the Chinese way. Despite her mother's wishes, Jing Mei played Jewish mah jong with her friend's (22). Another roundabout manner Suayan avidly sought to keep the Asian tradition in her daughter's lifestyle was Suayan's refusal to speak to her daughter in English. Jing Mei's rebellion was similarly apparent when she continued to speak in a subdued tone in English while her mother spoke in Chinese. Later on in the novel, Waverly and her mother, Lindo, are at odds with each other over a simple haircut. Lindo is annoyed by Waverly's haircut because it does not resemble a traditional Asian hairstyle; rather it looks "chopped off," and that Waverly should "ask for {her} money back (182). Waverly, on the other hand, loves it because it looks fashionably American (182). Knowing it would infuriate her mother, Waverly rebels regardless because it was more important to look "hip" than to please her mother. Towards the end of the novel, Waverly and her mother conflict over whether Waverly, as a young woman, will be accepted in China since she has been able to "walk out the door by herself and go to school," she has chosen not to follow her mother's Chinese ways (289).

Athleticism Essay -- Sports, Politics

When I think about the black athlete I experience both pride and discomfort. In America where black people are still politically and economically disenfranchised, it appears that athleticism is the realm where black people excel and dominate. The discomfort comes from the observation that ‘domination’ is only viable when the black male body is harnessed in a way that doesn’t challenge white supremacy in other arenas (Collins, 2005). His body is controlled by contracts of powerful owners, regulated by standardized rules and by-laws from sporting associations and placed in physical spaces where his bodily performance is a spectacle for largely white audiences. There is something historic and normal about the sporting performance that has at once, drawn me in and isolated me. I didn’t quite know why. Ben Carrington’s work Race, Sport and Politics helps me to understand that these boundaries and meanings mark and define ‘the black athlete’ a nd that they can be understood as sites of political struggle. From the onset, I was captivated by his careful and through analysis of various social frameworks in order to utilize sports as a lens to understand the â€Å"intra relationship† between racial discourse, the performance of sport, and the politics in making the ‘black athlete’. In this paper I will explore the various concepts and contentions Carrington discovers as they apply to black males while he tries to formulate a framework to understand the complexity of race and sport and the politics created therein. I will focus on the key concepts essential to creating his theoretical framework specifically, ‘the black athlete’, the ‘white colonial frame’, and the ‘sporting black Atlantic’. The black athlete is a political entity and a global s... ...ind of black humanity. This actor performed feats of brute, physical, endurance, and ‘natural’ prowess which would place him in a category of animalistic sub-humanity. The assumed all body and no mind position of many of the African Diaspora. However within the sanctuary of modern sport, these feats became exceptionally superhuman; a show of raw masculinity and rational dexterity. As a political act, Johnson’s defeat of his white component sent ripples thought the world and attacked the foundation on which the very system that subordinated him was built. Using Carrington’s sense of the sporting black Atlantic. We can fully understand the significance and ramification of this feat. We can come to understand the global implications of this win for black people and see Jackson's â€Å"diasporic politicization† and his rise as an â€Å"anti white supremacist figure (p. 18)†.